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Godspeed, General Stanley McChrystal


Here's the links to his IISS Special Report:

PDF:

Video:

Q and A


60 Comments

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Color me unimpressed. This is nothing but mealymouthed assertions without an iota of data. This presentation could have just as easily have been given by Rumsfeld.

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i doubt you even read the provided links, since you compared it to tripe spewed by Rumsfeld, and no mention of Shinseki.

You miss many salient points. A major being that Obama seems comfortable with a public debate.

I've always supported strong intervention Afghanistan. We owe the bastards, for the past 3+ decades.

We haven't done it right, so far, but there is always tomorrow.

This post wasn't about my personal policy beliefs though. It was about being pleasantly surprised by a General, who spoke his truth to power without being arrogant about it.

Godspeed Sir.

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I did read them, but I appreciate the accusation. Glad to know that since I didn't read the posted links your way, then I didn't read them at all.

Why the hell should I have mentioned Shinseki? He actually made numerical assertions with an indepth explanation of why the numbers would be required. I have been reading General Conway's push for increased Marine presence in Afghanistan since he was first selected as Commandant, and his statements before Congress and the Pentagon were much more cogent, challenging, and specific.

Obama may be inviting debate over Afghanistan. That is awesome. Can I glean that from three links, none of which adress that point? Instead, I read, watched and listened to what our man in Afghanistan had to say, and it was amorphous. You could take Petraeus' missives about the surge, switch a few nouns and the author's name, and come away with the exact same set of information. The only difference is that Obama is open to alternatives, rather than letting the Generals on the ground dictate mission.

I don't know. Maybe I am missing something. I just know that I have gotten much more information about the competing missions of Afghanistan and possible troop levels from my immediate chain of command than I have from McChrystal.

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So Zipp. If Obama asked you, what would you say?

I know nothing of these matters, and I appreciate you peoples that do. My understanding of Afghanistan is a shallow one, at best. I have known a few of them, and they remind me so much of the Iranians I knew back in the 1980s. They are the lucky ones, the rich ones (comparatively speaking,) and I'm not even sure they represent the average Afghans experience. After all, they fled.

I do feel, as does Cyants, by my reading, that we somehow owe them. All I know is that they have been at war far too long, and we are culpable.

There are too many orphans, widows, and maimed people there.

So, what do you think the President should do?

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If Obama asked me, "Zip, give me your opinion on Afghanistan," I would reply (after picking my jaw up off the floor):

Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening Sir,

If we leave Afghanistan, the formal and limited power structure of the Karzai government will collapse. It will be replaced by a repressive narcotheocratic state that will be Taliban in deed if not in name. The black market drug trade will continue to fund Wahabbist insurgent movements that will adopt Al Qaeda for advertising purposes.

Therefore, I propose a trio of military and civil actions that can createa recipe for success:

1. An escalation of armed forces, primarily Marines, that are deployed in and around the poppy fields. This will consist of a minimum of 10k but no more than 20k additional forces. These forces will recon key positions, estabish forward observation bases, and conduct recon and security patrols. Combat patrols will require battalion level approval. The mission would be to choke out the poppy black market, and through a combination of bribes and infrastructure coax the farmers into adopting regional agriculture.

2. Demand free and fair elections in Afghanistan and stress a lack of confidence in the Karzai government. Let the results stand and support whoever is elected. Once the election is certified and the government structure is in place, set a timetable for a speedy withdrawal.

3. Legalize drugs in the United States and strike at the very heart of insurgent fundraising. Regulate and tax them, but above all legalize them.

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Well... now that's some good thinkin', Zip.

#3 is key to solving MANY of our problems.

#2 seems like a great mid-point in the scheme.

#1 Well.. Seems we've tried destroying fields one way or another... but it caused more problems that we anticipated. (I'll see if I can find some info on that)...

I'm good with 2 and 3, though. :)

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Thanks Zip.

So, you support further intervention. I do appreciate the thoughtful reply.

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Reluctantly. The you break it, you buy it principle. I wish it were otherwise... And I also wish we decriminalized drugs and implemented universal health care so as to avoid future imperial bloodbaths.

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Reluctantly, indeed.

But yeah, we all pay our debt sometime.


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Couldn't we just buy the poppy crop and subsidize future legitmiate agricultural use of the land used for opium cultivation for a fraction of what we're spending on military intervention there?

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we could be reading from the same damn policy page.

number 2 is extremely important,

Karzai sucks; is rep of existing power structures, not what THE Afghan people want. Leg up as bros and former allies deserve; then they walk on their own, and we help only until they can.

anything more is an insult

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So....You want your drug habit to be legal, basically. I'm not trying to be rude here, but that's really what I'm getting out of your plan. You obviously haven't thought about any of the other repercussions of that stuff suddenly being free game. And it doesn't really tie in with the rest of your plan that well.

Think some next time, maybe? Those drugs are bad for you, that's why they're illegal to begin with. Maybe you should just get off them.

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where did zip mention anything about his own ingestion of chemicals? You're out of the ballpark on this assessment.

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To help clarify for understanding . . .

Zip = Marine: Linear... direct... unwavering...

Kuyleh = Army: Non-linear... deviating... varying...

Enough said right there...

~OGD~

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Why? Because I saw his point? If you say so.

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Not trying to be rude? I mean, besides calling me a junkie, you weren't rude at all.

I have a civil libertarian streak. I won't derail a post by explaining my rationale for ending the drug war. If you can be patient, and wait a couple of days, I will write a post and we can have a dialogue.

My father succumbed to opiate and amphetamine addiction and is in prison for his crimes. Perhaps if this nation had been more compassionate, resourceful and honest about addiction, my father's life could have been salvaged and lives would have been saved.

I look forward to a reasonable debate with you on a later date.

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The war on drugs has been an abysmal failure. Yet another war that should never have been waged. My husband is retired law enforcement, has never tried an illegal drug in his life and is in total agreement that drugs need to be legalized, taxed and regulated if we want to get any kind of a handle on this problem.

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Because I prefer simple-minded asnwers and I saw them work so effectively under Dubya, maybe we could see the drug issue cleaned up if we had better transparency, who sells it, who buys it, and whether they would be criminals when the aquisition and use is no longer a crime.

More concisely, which was my goal, "Sunlight is the best disinfectant."

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Those drugs are bad for you, that's why they're illegal to begin with

Care to source that assertion?
DEA has spent a tidy sum over time both trying to prove an underlying scientific basis, AND prohibiting any research outside of their control.
Some medical research supports the suggestion that concentrations of psychotropic substances found in nature can have harmful health impacts.
With the caveat that the illicit status contributes the largest proportion of danger.

Too much of anything will kill you.
Even things that you absolutely positively must have in substantial quantities, just to survive.
Ex. Hyponatremia, hyperoxia

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Zipper - while I may not agree with some of McChrystal's recommendations, you can't seriously be claiming that Rumsfeld would ever have said, "When I am asked what approach we should take in Afghanistan, I say ‘humility’".

I keep thinking of a Rand study that came out last year on how terrorist groups eventually end.

The evidence since 1968 indicates that most groups have ended because (1) they joined the political process or (2) local police and intelligence agencies arrested or killed key members. Military force has rarely been the primary reason for the end of terrorist groups, and few groups within this time frame achieved victory.

Thanks for the links to this, PCA.

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I will agree that there is a change in tone. The tone may be dovish, but the approach is certifiably hawkish and there was no data in his presentation. It was lukewarm philosophy at best.

The crux of the matter in Afghanistan is: what do we do and don't do? The only message I can read in McChrystal's tea leaves is nation building along the lines of the Anbar province. I read no mention of what is fueling Afghanistan's troubles: opium.

Sergeant Major Kent came by my base a couple of weeks ago and stressed that the bottom line in Afghanistan is arresting the opium trade and restoring agriculture. Leave the nation a self-policed agrarian state with a stabe government. He saw the mission as a two-three year escalation of 12-15000 Marines in the target regions, and then we leave. He also discussed the fact that the Taliban has become a misnomer because we are tying every anti-government political and insurgent movement to them. The fact is that there many loose and tight knit groups that are not the Taliban.

Now, you may or may not agree with his assesment/reccomendations, but at least he is making them concretely. In my mind, it is a hell of a lot more informative and open for discussion than "COIN Math," which smacka of unknown knowns. The fact that McChrystal dedicates presentation space to an obvious truth of asymmetrical warfare showsme that his target audience was David Brooks and Tom Friedman, not the public.

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in re opium:

opiates have always had the ability to give me fear. morphine could turn a dead man lucid on you in a heartbeat. great pain to be the one who watches as that realisation trickles down the IV to the GI'S Consciousness.

Way back when, i told myself that opiates were dangerous, and not for me.Now i find that morphine is considered to be a valid part of my rehab process. am i now a coward for giving it a try?

we're all going to die, sooner or later, and it's a fair trade for life, but i want to die with dignity, and with my boots on fighting, if it's up to me.

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PSA:
It is presumptous for me to say this, but never mind.
I think that when we reach a certain stage in life, there is a "knowing" we have about people, even those with whom we have a limited, or even virtual acquaintance.
I "know" that you are a person of great courage and absolute integrity. In every respect. So that, if you are worried about morphine in your own current experience, that would tell me that it is a fair question, horrifying in its implications and, yet, bravely faced and wrestled with.
You are one of those admirable people who reveals all by revealing little; based on your comments here, on this thread, we would respect you if we had seen no other comment you have ever made.
Two things:
1) but, we have seen other comments you've made, and your consistency in asking hard questions, your willingness to thoughtfully consider other views, and your decision to offer your own analysis -- sometimes a clipped, cut to the chase distillation, is something to admire. Because you offer what you think, whatever the consequences may be.
2) As to your prior exposure to morphine as used on others, the ambivalent feelings you developed about it, then, as compared to your own current circumstance, I would say and mean it, that if you can ask the question, the odds are you a person who will make the right decision, pro or con. And because you are such a fundamentally fair person, you will make it for yourself and let others do the same without attempting to impose your own views on them.
PSA -- like Seashell and others here who demonstrate real empathy, which imho, is offered without sentimental romanticism, I wish you every comfort, of whatever kind, day by day, night and day.
Recognize what is right for you, in this fight, in this moment. And, as Bwak and Seashell and others said: We have your back.

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thanks

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The fact that McChrystal dedicates presentation space to an obvious truth of asymmetrical warfare showsme that his target audience was David Brooks and Tom Friedman, not the public.

Not exactly Brooks and Friedman, but their analogs in the IISS. He's talking down to wonks, giving it to them in a way they can understand. It's a Fucking Conservative think tank out of the UK.

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I'd buy the "humility" line better were it not for the fact that McChrystal seems dedicated to his preferred strategy of mass arrests and harsh interrogation. I agree with Zip, that's meaningless sound-byte dribble geared to give the facade of empathy.

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do some math Zip.

I posted thus blog at 4:58PM.
Your 1st response was posted at 5:42 PM.
the vid link is 32:36 min long.

Plus the Q. and A.
I feel i have a very good cause for questioning whether you really gave McChrystal fair shift.
It's possible by time alone that you fully covered the links, but ain't no way in hell you really contemplated what McChrystal said. Not enough time spent. sorry pard'ner; doesn't wash, so no games, s'ok?

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Okay, now I am an avid student of our current military adventures. I have a vested interest in what we have done and what we have the potential of doing. I have been paying special attention to Afghanistan since my job, along with civil affairs, may take a large role if the focus shifted to the opium trade.

So I was equipped with knowledge, opinions and interest in the subject matter. Therefore, I can read and digest what i am reading/hearing at the same time. And I was underwhelmed. Perhaps it was my expectations and desire getting in the way. I would have liked specific and detailed assessments, benchmarks, and intent. I would have liked a five paragraph order and pointed questions. Something other than "Afghanistan for Dummies" burnished with mock-dovish bromides.

I didn't mean to shit on your post. I reccomended it for more eyeballs. But I didn't expect you to backhand my credibility, either. And time-stamping me is just silly. I could accuse you of posting the links without comprehending them, but I presume better of you. We simply have different reactions to this media. Probably due to our differing backgrounds, perspectives and expectations.

From now on I will defer from expressing myself on your posts in the future. I will lurk and reccomend. I am sorry if you think I am trolling. I will assure you with future silence.

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don't take me so personal zip.

here's something you prob don't know.

i just had back surgery for multiple cancers done less than 1 week ago. already in rehab (included 3 lumbar fractures) i cannot control the fractures yet. they don't mind me.

shit, this is the 1st time ever i've had to deal with personal neuro injuries

it ain't been easy friend.

i need slack and resistance, at the same time. push back, make me fight

i am fucking scared

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Oh, Lord.

You have my deepest sympathy. Thank you for the insight.

There is pain, and there is PAIN. I won't pretend to understand what you are going through, but I know that Jung's Red Book is coming out, and I believe he understands your journey.

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thanks zip. maybe someday i'll tell you a story of an army chopper doc being saved by a USMC LtCol in SE Asia 3 decades ago. i never even knew his name, and he probably saved my life + a few more i would have taken down with me. just because i saved one of his without going service apeshit about it.

think i cared whether the savaged soldier called me doc or corpsman?

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Pseudo,

some of the most heroic deeds I saw during my war were deeds done by medics.

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thanks john. still doesn't change this fear to wine though.

more like whine...

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Zip, this was a Class-A honest reply. Thank you.

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Keep fighting. I gots yer back.

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bwak, never doubt that we are friends. was i not also friends with the busy bee?

i am often, not straight-forward, but am your friend, and care deeply about it. i have concerns presently that transcend. from your friendliness, i presently need patience with me for a while longer, bwak.

and it's always good to know you're watching my back.

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I'm standing right beside Bwak watchin' your back, too. And it's sooooo good to have you back here in the Cafe. There are some ... ahem ... commenters (trolls) here that need to your hear your words (not Zipperupus).

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thanks seashell, and thanks for not seeming to need long explanations about this.

i am still often disorientated about what is happening, and am happy to be nested in a part of the Univ Nev. Med School over this. the residents have been the coolest.

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No indeedy on the long explanations. Short ones instill a sense of clarity or something. Nestle, nestle, nestle, pca. Please yell when you're ready for more adventuresome acts, like emailing or even talking on phones, or not. I've seen rehab work. Wonder if you'll still like the residents after a week in rehab?

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Seconded. Zip, IMHO, is one of the finest men I know and has a first rate mind. I think he makes a very valid point in asking for details and not rhetoric in McChrystal's report. I know he is very well versed in the matter and completely invested, as evidenced by his uniform, although, of course, I'm going by media and not an in-person observation. His accounts are too real and present to be fiction. When you look back, Zip was questioning the General's report, not your post.

Wishing you a complete recovery, because that is what wishes are made of, and hoping you find more comfort.

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Ant...I'm so sorry, my friend. I'm adding you to my prayer list. He loves you, whether you believe it or not. And He will be with you through this...that is one of the few things in this world I am certain of.

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Wow, that's distressing news, PSA. I join the chorus for your healing up, my friend. My own experience with those opiates was yes, they helped with the pain, but I hated what they did to my head, and they constipate you to boot.

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I'm sorry you are in ill health.

That being said, this comment makes no sense. You seem to want to excuse your pissy behavior rather than simply apologize for it.

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I hope you have people you love to hold your hand, and I hope you know that they love you.

You have lots of hands here, too, to hold.

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On C-SPAN this morning, Silvester Reyes, Dem Chair of Intelligence Committee said; If we pull out of Afghanistan al Qaeda will have a safe haven from which to train and operate.

I had, I guess, a Pavlovian thought; will they be safe from our Predators? our Cruise Missiles? our bombers? our Spy Satellites? our CIA?

Reyes said we'd be there for quite some time, this after being there 8 years already. Someone should take stock of what we've accomplished in the 8 years we've been there. If you listened to the rest of his appearance you can see why being there for 'quite some time' will produce nothing except more dead and maimed troops, and more American money going down a rat hole.

Reyes wasn't aware that he was arguing against himself as he continued to describe Afghanistan.

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Reyes is an idiot. We should be alright. I doubt that even the Russians are looking to get even for the 80's.

We need to take care of business once properly, and then let Afghans rule their own country, their own way.

We need to keep Pakistan focused on their frontier lands too.

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Of course they wouldn't be safe from our military, but it has now apparently become what I call "a dick problem".

The military and pols are now concerned that people will question their manhood and think they have little dicks if they don't "win" the unwinnable war. As was the case with little dick Bush, as long as we keep fighting we haven't "officially" lost and so the myth of our big dominant dicks remains unquestioned.

Of course they fail to mention there's nothing to win there other than hegemony over the territory of Afghanistan and the ability to protect the gas pipeline. Still, it's not about effectively containing the Taliban and Al Qaeda which is really all we need to do and which clearly could be done with far less of a troop presence and far less expense in men, material, and cash outlays. It's now about proving how big their dicks are and when you start down that road you know you're going to have nothing but problems.

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Good point, oleeb. I'm not sure how this plays out, but al Qaeda and Taliban are less distinct than they were 8 years ago. This is something I read on the SAAG website a while ago - B. Ramen pointed out that the "al Qaeda dregs," as he called them, were marrying into Pashtun families and therefor becoming more and more subject to "clan law" - whatever that means. Given that the Taliban are a segment of the Pashtuns, there may be something there in the way of pacification strategies. Taliban interests v. overall Pashtun interests. Perhaps convincing the Pashtuns that Taliban radicalism is not in their better interests. Just speculating...

SAAG - South Asia Analysis Group:

www.southasiaanalysis.org/

(the site seems to be down right now)

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Once we were in Iraq, we were barely in Afghanistan. Dubya dropped the ball. I do not mean to take anything away from the men and women who were in Afghanistan during this time, but we barely had any active participation in their circumstances.

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I'll be honest, I don't have time to read the links. I'm sympathetic to the general in once sense -- if he's leading a counter-insurgency then he needs more feet on the ground. Counter-insurgency is a little like crime fighting. More cops, more patrols, less crime (or at least less obvious crime). A bit of "broken windows policing" can work.

But we need to have a policy discussion about whether or not we want to wage a counter-insurgency in Afghanistan, about how much money we're willing to spend and about how long we're willing to tie our forces up in that region. I'm not sure but I'm leaning towards less is more.

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It is humbling for me just to think to join a conversation between two such honorable and dignified men, Cy and Zip. One is older like me but courageous beyond my dreams. The other is young and filled with an intelligence and commitment that augurs well for a lifetime of valuable service to his society. I salute both of you.

Things - the world, and the affairs of the world - are getting beyond me these days. My opinions, my thoughts, even the principles that I spent a lifetime constructing seem oddly off mark, even quaint. There was a time when I would have engaged this discussion with enthusiasm and élan. Now I offer my comments as just the murmuring of a stranger.

Cy says “we owe the bastards for the past 3+ decades.” When was it that I was sitting on my couch watching Henry Kissinger being interviewed on CNN when the broadcast was interrupted to bring the first of the eye witness accounts of the attack on Bagdad? Oh yes August 1990. I was 46 years old. I am 65 years old today. War seems to be in our nature. I would suggest that what we owe them is to leave them alone. How much worse could it be for them?

Continuous war for twenty years on a place roughly the size of California. Add ten years and increase the size to that of Texas and you have a place called Afghanistan. I call them places because neither is a “nation” other than as a construct in the mind of a European with an eye to colonial domination. Zip suggests elections. I suggest that deep in their souls neither place wants elections any more than the U.S. wants Divine Right Monarchy. Imposing one on the other will be an equally daunting task. I say give it up.

Opium and its derivatives are not as bad a thing as is often suggested. Cy commented briefly on its palliative value. It does not corrupt the body as much as other drugs like meth or cocaine or even alcohol. It is only mildly addictive. For example there is no significant morbidity from opiate withdrawal whereas there is a 10% death rate for alcohol withdrawal – the DT’s. There might actually be more uses for opiates than are currently acknowledged but that is another matter. Opium growing is a subterfuge.

As I say I feel a bit misplaced these days, kind of out of touch. I have read Ptolemy’s proofs and it seems incontrovertible – the sun revolves around the earth. Yet I once met an old Greek, Aristarchus, who suggested that it was the other way round. Against the logic of Geometry and modern mathematics and the opinion of notables like Ptolemy I have only my intuition that tells me things are in fact “the other way round.”

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"I would suggest that what we owe them is to leave them alone."

Hear! Hear!

If we continue "helping" them there will be nothing left of their country in the end.

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I would ignore elections so long as the Karzai government is dismantled and the ensuing informal structure is not narcotheocratic. The issue is how do we get that result.

Hell, I am even in favor of withdrawing all forces from the nation if we can avoid the pitfall of a resurgent drug trade that funds terrorism.

That would require a radical overhaul of our foreign and domestic policy. Settle Kashmir. Settle Israel and Palestine in amanner that is equitable to both sides (with Hamas at the table). Scale back the arms industry. Establish universal health care. Convert our economy into a sustainable "green" model. Legalize and regulate drugs. Break up the banking trust and reinstitute Glass Steagal. Break up the media trust and reinsitute the Fairness Doctrine. Pass EFCA.

Jeez, the laundry list is daunting. But the only way to begin chipping away at the tensions of the world is to transform our nation into something other than the world's brute squad.

Our example and our hidden vices promote global terror by lending legitimacy to its conspiratorial beliefs.

As of now, we can't just walk away. Nor can we go all in. It's a terrible dance, but dammit we just had to turn a police action into a global war.

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If I may I would like to walk your comment a little farther down the path.

I sometimes wonder if Afghanistan isn’t both the past and the future. As an area of the world the history of Afghanistan is not unlike that of ancient Greece. The geography dictates that small communities will endure against the aggression of local adversaries and imperial forces alike. Both have a long history of conflict amongst these small polities but despite coalitions like the “Northern Alliance” there isn’t enough political “gravity” to result in a single planetary object. Both had strong indigenous cultures that reach deep into a mythic past but which play vitally in the daily lives of the people.

Meanwhile the U.S. seems to be on a course of disassociation. The “overhaul” you describe is not really an overhaul at all. It is a trade-in. Such changes as you suggest would require a replacement of some essential underlying dynamics in the civilization we call the U.S. If Tito kept Yugoslavia together and Hussein kept Iraq together, perhaps “Commander in Chief” keeps the U.S. together. Without this elected crisis-dictator the U.S. might quite naturally devolve into a collection of regions based upon geographic, ethnic, sub-cultural, historical commonalities. Perhaps our future is to become like Afghanistan – fractious but indomitable.

(Note: I still say opium is a subterfuge. Terrorism is politics. We should know this since we are responsible for a lot of it. You can eliminate opium but you can not eliminate politics. The funding will simply come from somewhere else like taxes as it does in the U.S.)

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I'll spare you my new song and dance about Afghanistan's neighbors, Larry. You owe me for it, though. :-)

Your first paragraph above was perfect, by the way. Perfect.

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Hard not to be impressed by these two guys.

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By the way, HAPPY BIRTHDAY!

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I knew it but I thought "No one will take the precise measure of my words," but then I forgot about you. I am 65 today as I was yesterday and will be tomorrow. In a month and a day I will have the first two of my three sixes, if you take my meaning which I know you will.

I admit that words do have their meaning so I was only kidding about launching those missiles. They can be called back right? I know Ronnie thought so and how often was he wrong?

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Take it from those who know . . .

As Zip pointed out above:


1. An escalation of armed forces, primarily Marines, that are deployed in and around the poppy fields. This will consist of a minimum of 10k but no more than 20k additional forces. These forces will recon key positions, estabish forward observation bases, and conduct recon and security patrols. Combat patrols will require battalion level approval. The mission would be to choke out the poppy black market, and through a combination of bribes and infrastructure coax the farmers into adopting regional agriculture.

3. Legalize drugs in the United States and strike at the very heart of insurgent fundraising. Regulate and tax them, but above all legalize them.
And it's not just a problem for the United States... It's not being expressed enough here in our wimpy-assed media.

Heroin addiction kills up to 30,000 Russians annually and the heroin is directly linked to the fields of Afghanistan.

From Russia Today:

“For Russia, the task of eradicating Afghan opium production is an unrivaled priority for Russia,” said Viktor Ivanov, the head of Russia’s Federal Service for the Control of Narcotics (FSKN). “More than 90 percent of drug addicts in our country are consumers of opiates from Afghanistan. Up to 30,000 people die of heroin-related illnesses annually.”

“The 1990s saw a tenfold increase in heroin consumption in Russia,” continued Ivanov, speaking at a news conference at RIA Novosti on Thursday. “Today, the number of drug addicts has grown to 2.5 million people, predominantly between the ages of 18 and 39.”

“According to date available from the UN, as well as our own research, we have found that the number of people using heroin in Russia is on average 5 to 8 times higher than in the EU countries.”

Last month, Ivanov took his message to Washington D.C., where he gave a speech to the Nixon Center. There, he stressed that Russia is not the only country that is threatened by the “scourge of Afghan opium production.”

“The transnational nature of Afghan heroin trafficking makes it impossible for any state to take refuge from its calamitous impact,” Ivanov said. “The Afghan heroin market is situated mainly outside and away from Afghanistan and is based on a sophisticated global sales infrastructure.”

Finally, Ivanov provided perhaps the most convincing argument of all that the Afghanistan’s drug production needs to be given the highest priority: Afghan heroin helps to nurture the very roots of terrorist networks.

“It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the drug business provides the financial basis for terrorism and is one of its main factors for its upsurge.”

russiatoday.com/Politics/2009-10-07/russia-opium-war-us.html



~OGD~

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May God bless you and keep you PsuedoCyAnts during your recovery and for evermore.

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