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Links to 20th Century "Zero Work" Theorizing
A recent blog post here at TPM Cafe, caused me to go looking for some anarchistic essays, on about a coming future economic over-supply aided by great leaps in productivity caused by technological advances which would decrease workforce demand, and lead to "Zero Work" paradigms. This was floating around on the net's News Groups in the early 80's, and was a fairly commons subject published onto some of the first internet websites. I discoverd that a great deal of the websites where I read of this are no longer no longer active. Here's links to four essays
- Christian Marazzi, "Money In The World Crisis: The New Basis of Capitalist Power", 1976
- Bob Black, "The Abolition of Work", 1985
- Bob Black, "What Is Wrong With This Picture? - A critique of a neo-futurist's vision of the decline of work", 1995
- Bob Black, "Technophilia, An Infantile Disorder", 1997
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Not quite ready to wade through those essays, but as I mentioned to David, I remember many fiction writers looking at extrapolations of future economies. The rub is the transition from money-based design and manufacture to permanent non-money automatic systems. It's hard to see how that can happen.
One fly in that ointment is likely persistence of subsistence economies. Humans will find new niches, lightly occupied low-grade areas like dumpster diving and street life, and large areas of the planet will likely escape upgrading to full technological economy.
Another complication will be the persistence of state competition, i.e. war and similar. Long before the techno-Utopia can develop we will be likely fighting over water. I can imagine "shade wars", with either fights over access to sunlight, or deliberate shading to depress power. I can also imagine bottlenecks of brittle centralized systems like the grid, or GPS, that would cause horrible disasters if they went down completely.
Until the industrial revolution humans acted almost completely as independent agents, even when combined into armies. This allowed the fluid inventiveness of individual action to produce incremental change when it was useful, as in artisans or teachers spreading a new technique for something. We would benefit from a restoration of that cellular level of action, at least in the areas of power generation/storage, as it is now developing in the information field.
The risk is the centralized model, whether gargantuan financial agglomerations or monoculture farming, or single-OS computing. A healthy species shows booth a fair amount of variation and a less-than-perfect adaptation. The perfectly matched, uniform-genetics species will go extinct the instant conditions change. The less-efficient, less-uniform species will move into that niche.
It is the power of shareholders, whether those seeking direct dividends, or those seeking higher market price, that drives companies to the bottom of marginal profits, eking out profit from tiny advantages of reduced health coverage or lack of overtime pay, or skimping on materials quality/safety, or other relentless price pressure, that makes us so vulnerable to these recessions. (Well, not the only thing, I guess.) Agricultural subsidies that allow domestic farming to survive competition from low-priced imports is an example of imperfect adaptation but a more robust system,. If the source of the imports suffers a freeze or other weather disaster, no problem to the home country.
Too much free trade, low-tariff business means all go down together. Humans learned a while ago to build large boats with watertight compartments. But that is not as "efficient". It is worth it to save the ship, though. Even naval vessels are worth saving, rather than being a little faster in top speed, or longer range with their fuel stores.
I said we need more individual action to be robust, but I distinguish businesses as not exactly individuals. They are a different kind of entity, not people really, as long as their food is immediate profit. The genetic drive of corporations is increased wealth, all other considerations irrelevant. Money makes the decisions, not caring if the future means no money. It only wants to aggregate now.
I continue to think that taxes that rise steeply on large profits, or on short-term cap gains, as well as inheritance limits, will reward long-term income over windfall wealth, and would encourage a less volatile economy. But as long as we expose ourselves to external competition, especially from countries with lower living standards, we will suffer the same fate as lakes that get invaded by foreign species that lack evolved competition. It is a mismatch of ecologies, as much as economies.
December 23, 2008 11:01 AM | Reply | Permalink
I am in agreement with much of what you said here, but I take great exception to your portrayal of the current economic system as a "free-market".
There is no liberty in a rigged system that affords collectivist business entities rights prohibited to individuals. Capital flows with unhindered liquidity across the arbitrary borders of National sovereignty, which act as barricades impeding the free flow of labour which would naturally follow in its path. The largest of these entities have yearly revenues rival or exceed the median national GDP. They have been endowed with powers far beyond that of mortal humans, and have evolved into gargantuan uncaring gods that walk amongst humans without concern for for their well-being.
You are correct in comprehending the dangers that flow from unlimited earning potential, not directly related to the any value added in the production process, but instead to equity grants given in perpetuity for capitalisation. Investors must believe they will receive a decent return, but there should be no expectation they have a divine right for eternity to a revenue stream skimmed from the value of goods manufactured not of their labor. In a real free-market society, this would be robbery.
December 23, 2008 8:15 PM | Reply | Permalink
Is it true that in the early days, corporations had to dissolve after 75 years or so (a human lifespan) because they were thought to have an unfair advantage over mere mortals? (They don't die)
December 23, 2008 9:05 PM | Reply | Permalink
True indeed that the markets are far from free. I haven't gotten around to it yet but maybe now is a good time to ask if the idea of markets is hiding a contradiction.
Many transactions would yield no profit if all information was available. No business, or individual, is likely to pony up absolutely all pertinent data, holding some back as proprietary, forgetting mention other items, and acting in as private a manner as possible.
Or maybe we should say hiding information is what the individual wants about his own actions, while the rest of the market wants to know everybody else's business. So we start off with the active agents, individuals, or agents of businesses, trying to make the deal look better to the buyer than it would be considered in a neutral assay. If success leads to profits, these winners argue that they won fairly. All know this to be a fudge. What business fails to require non-disclosure agreements? Why is there such a thing as industrial espionage? Why is there always insider trading?
Still, there seems a non-trivial component of the economy that is nearly full-info. Real estate sales may have seen many loans with near-zero info attached, but the seller has nearly full info about the property, from title searches through inspections of the physical structure.
Cars are so thoroughly assessed by outside agencies and user comment that there are few secrets there. But at the level of labor negotiation the company can hide lots, while the union is a nearly open book.
But there is a reflexive use of "free market" that implies a full-information system, while we know it tries its best to hide as much as possible. The winners often are the ones that knew something first. Consider surveyors, who are as ground-floor as one can be regarding new land use. George Washington. I read once that US senators' stock portfolios tend to outperform the Dow by 10% or so.
December 24, 2008 12:00 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for those links. They are a interesting collection of essays. Marazzi's treatise was a bit of a slog to get through, but his conclusions regarding the economic conditions in the 70s could reasonably applied to our current situation. Here are some quotes I found interesting for those who may be disinclined to read it:
December 23, 2008 11:04 AM | Reply | Permalink
The tough part is getting economists to agree as to what the policy means, and then to explain monetary policy in terms that not even most, but perhaps a lot of people can understand.
December 23, 2008 12:46 PM | Reply | Permalink
Let me know if you're interested in reading some more. One of the more amusing natural side-effects that often is resultant from discourses that occurs between individuals strongly motivated with a not-work ethic and several other strains of radical individualist thinking is the lack of their thoughts persistence in static published formats. Persons such as these are unlikely to be motivated from a desire to achieve literary immortality. The internet has enabled past discourses of theirs to get replicated elsewhere by others, but the replicators themselves are motivated to publish for similar reasons. These sites often disappear, leaving few tracks on the visible web. If one who actively seeks a Zero-Work goal, and largely succeeds, there is a good chance they no longer care to labor with the upkeep of a site that details the journey.
I have collected many computer files over time, and within some are some texts, and some original URLs, now dead. Some of those can be extracted from the Internet Archives, or Google Groups searches.
In the mean time; I ran across WhyWork.org yesterday for the first time. On a cursory dive, it looks to be the product of two small groups of like-minded thinkers that merged in the late 90's, and then ceased their signal in 2004. Someone is hosting the site as static since then.
Have you ever run across Hakim Bey? It was the psuedonym used for a series of fictional essays of Hakim Bey's life and thoughts, printed in low numbers by anarchist-leaning fly by night presses, and on the early net's text NewsGroups. It appealed to those of us who have chosen to traverse the elliptic in life. When the shit got floated onto the NGs as a successive series, it went legendary quickly, and the author kept up the aura of myth by not coming out for a very long time. I have learned the it was written by Peter Lamborn Wilson. His work is a very odd mix of Islam, Paganism, Sufism and many other strain of thought scavenged from the Near and Mid-East, plus a healthy dose of situationist anarchy. He is credited with conceiving the concept of: "Temporary Autonomous Zone" (TAZ), which has mutated into several different strains. I believe that the term, "Ontological Anarchy" is also his creation. If not, he is the one who exploited it nicely. There is a decent archive of his work online. Many of the Hakim Bey series began with: "Chaos Never Died", and for some reason, the phrase has always resonated within me.
December 23, 2008 9:12 PM | Reply | Permalink
Never heard of 'Hakim Bey", though he sounds like a character out of Aasimov's Foundation series. I'll check the links later, (kinda of busy now with the holidays). 'Chaos never died' and Temporary Autonomous Zone' have piqued my curiosity. Cheers! and happy holidays to you PCA!
December 23, 2008 10:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm saving the links for later. But the thanks is coming now! Thanks for your tireless efforts to get the word out and provide lots of relevant reading.
Peace.
December 23, 2008 8:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
TheraP, much of this is the work of radical situationists and hardcore individualist anarchist thinkers. It can go into pure stream of consciousness free-fall without notice, and should be read as dreamtime musings. Once Upon A Time, this sort of thinking could be found in the Libertarian Party, but the LP has been jacked by Faineant Republicans, lacking any decent sense of personal responsibility, Mises Neo-Feudalists, and Reconstructionist Christians, all mixed together with a sprinkling of those who fear brown-skinned immigrants, and other kinds racists, hiding behind self-descripting terms that are nothing but a wafting fog of mendacity. Far too many of the real libertarian thinkers have been purged with fearful renunciations and accusations they are unrepentant anarchists.
I still was able to laugh at the irony, when first reading that the foundational leader's surname of the anti-immigrant vigilante group, Minutemen, is SimCox. It struck me as being eminently appropriate. I don't care what they call themselves, if the white-sheet hood fits, they are despicable cracker twits, and spews of states' rights inanities as rationalisations for bastardising The LP into the party that represents the Greed-Heads standing together in line at the Society Is Just An All You Can Chisel Buffet, is personally, very distasteful.
December 23, 2008 9:46 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thank you for the heads up, dear PCA.
TPM is the best!
December 23, 2008 10:29 PM | Reply | Permalink
I agree with TheraP. Between you and Miguel, there is a most interesting discussion going on here.
Pseudo, you must be a worker ant.
December 23, 2008 9:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
Ok, PCA, I'm looking at one of these articles about the problem of work. And it brings me back:
When I was teaching young children for about 8 years while my husband was interminably in grad school, I realized that I was in charge of penal servitude. The children had to come to school. And my job was to force them to work. I didn't really like the position I was in. Nor did they for the most part. I tried to subvert the system, to the degree I could. By giving them latitude for doing what they preferred, so long as they produced a certain work output and maintained a certain learning curve.
My other thought is that we bloggers are doing the opposite of work. Sometimes people want to make this into work - but suggesting we have an agenda or produce a "product" of some type - beyond the self-generated concerns and posts and comments we choose to make. But I myself love the freewheeling atmosphere of a blog. I love being able to read what I prefer and skip what I'd rather avoid.
Here's something else. Based on research they've found that people's output actually declines if you pay them for tasks which they previously had done simply on their own. Joy overrides "having to work for pay."
Just some musings based on what I've gleaned so far from "The Abolition of Work."
December 23, 2008 11:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hey PCA,
Whew. Above my pay grade, so to speak. But I wanted to wish you Peace now and in the New Year.
Your link to liberated text's editorial comments (another blog's comment) on the problems conservatives have with the Wall of Separation between Church and Hate had me laughing out loud all the way through it.
Happy Holidays. Peace.
December 24, 2008 7:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for the comment on the editorialising. I generally do not post opinion in the main body of a Congressional Records project, but reading the ravening inanities spoken by members of the Republican Study Committee in weak defense for their opposition to expanding hate crimes legislation was the cause of a sense of righteous indignation flaming up inside. The only criticism that had any value whatsoever, was its potential for use by a prosecutor to double-down on charges for one crime. The legislation addressed that potential for abuse adequately, although my personal preferences would have it stated with additional force, but they dissenters steeped well-over a any defensible line of hypocrisy advancing it, given their active support for and creation of The PATRIOT Bill, and continuing support for RICO statutes and Federal conspiracy charges. Abusive piling-on by prosecutors using these legislative acts is not a potential, and is far too often used as an anvil to coerce plea agreement from defendants in weak indictments.
Have you ever read this Congressional Records Op/Ed? It's a steady ramp-up to the hooks at the end.
The Lamborn work, and to a lesser degree, most of the content I've linked to in this thread, is best ingested with normal reading comprehension routines suspended. Try to view it as streaming media without parsing the words. Until a couple nights ago, I hadn't looked at this stuff for years. It was enjoyable.
Happy Holidays seashell.
December 24, 2008 9:13 PM | Reply | Permalink
stat updater comment
March 22, 2009 5:44 AM | Reply | Permalink