The Fallacy of False Alternatives
Consider the following (lifted from a web site dealing with logical fallacies) in light of Pres. Obama's reference to "...a false choice..." in his Inaugural Address, and in FINAL eulogy to the buzz-words and empty, repetitive slogans that have dominated public discussion these last eight years:
Fallacy of False Alternatives
Definition of FA: The reasons of an argument mention two (sometimes, more than two) alternatives, but there is pretty obviously at least one other alternative that the arguer should have considered, but didn't; this failure to consider a plausible alternative produces an incorrect conclusion.
Terminology: In an FA argument, it is false that the alternatives mentioned in the reasons are the only alternatives. This is the only one of the fallacies presented here in which the mistake is that the argument has a false reason. For all of the other fallacies considered here, it doesn't matter whether the reasons are true or false, because the problem is with the relationship between the reasons and the conclusion.
Example FA argument: Senator Blather was either telling the truth, or he was lying, and we know that what he said wasn't true. Therefore he was lying.
Explanation: FA because telling the truth and lying are not the only two alternatives that should have been considered. The Senator might have made an honest mistake (which isn't lying because lying has to be deliberate), or he might have been misinformed by his staff.
FA explanations: To give an acceptable explanation of why an argument involves the FA fallacy, you must include the following: 1) state the the two (or more) alternatives are that are mentioned in the argument, and 2) say that there is another alternative that should have been considered, and describe that missing alternative! Of course the missing alternative is not in the argument you are criticizing -- you have to think it up for yourself. It should be a reasonable, plausible alternative, not a wild or extremely unlikely one. If you can't write out a reasonable missing alternative, then you have no basis for saying that the FA fallacy is present.
Here is the REAL enemy, our Conservative nemesis from 1980 forward. How many times and in how many different forms has our Republic fallen for it? Low taxes OR poverty. The Constitution OR be blown to bits by terrorists. Genesis OR evolution. A clean environment OR economic ruin. By the simple-minded rhetorical device of first, reduce every possibilty to only two, and then, exaggerate the effects of both the preferred and the lesser of the remaining options, the GOP has channeled and controlled the debate. It's exactly what Bush was getting-at when he so often disparaged 'nuance'.
I think Pres. Obama is signaling that we no longer intend to 'think' that way - to which I (for one) say, "Thank God, Hallelujah throughout the land!" We have reached a point (finally!) where the LAZINESS of so much of our thinking is a luxury we can no longer afford. Our problems are large, dangerous, and complicated. Their solution is certain to require hard study, careful choices, and a lot of REAL input from people who KNOW things, and know how to communicate these compexities and inevitable difficulties to the larger public in a way they can understand.





Good blog and I mostly agree, though must add this hasn't only been a trait of neoconservatives.
Our current (since 1980) political environment promotes the same kind of absolutism for liberals as well but for different, more reasonable goals. It still prompts the same negative response from conservatives, however, if progressive ideas are presented in the same fashion as we have seen these last few decades.
What I think Obama proves is that compromise can actually mean convincing enough of your political opponents supporters that you are right, so you don't need to fight them in Congress. Shared success is sustainable success and Barack has said he doesn't care who gets the credit as long as we agree on the solution.
I don't see him compromising in the same perverted way as we have come to understand the term.
January 24, 2009 1:25 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm glad you posted this, and these false alternatives have been the very fabric of politics, on both sides, although neocons bring it to such an absurd stupid level.
Americans need a lesson in the subtlety of issues. That is where the truth lies, (so to speak.)
January 24, 2009 3:18 PM | Reply | Permalink
Some of Bush's early Pres. speeches were very nice examples of drawing distinctions in very simple terms. I was impressed at how compelling the simplistic [good/evil] rhetoric was, and hoped for Democrats and others to learn to employ the method as well to better ends. I've heard Obama draw more nuanced distinctions in somewhat more flowery terms.
"Either A or B" is (can be) also a False Dichotomy. The difference between a dichotomy and a distinction is largely a matter of fine distinction. Polemics casts issues in stark contrasts, but we are supposed to understand the caricatures as such, only illustrations to guide "distinctional" thinking not attractors to capture and lock in prejudices (of course the rhetorically minded sophist might exactly desire the latter). As such we practice mindful distinction making, an essential aspect of dialectic(al) thinking.
In the "real world" there is often an excluded middle or an overlap. This is generally understood in quantum physics as well as in politics.
Related comment in another thread on polarization: http://tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com/talk/blogs/november_5/2009/01/in-defense-of-polarization.php#comment-3348499
January 24, 2009 5:44 PM | Reply | Permalink
Are you saying we didn't actually have to fight them "over there" so we wouldn't have to fight them "over here?" Why, that is absolute heresy! Because without fighting, where would we be? And we have to fight SOMEWHERE!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Which of these statements is true:
-Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
-Out of sight, out of mind.
Ahhh, Nuance -- it requires an IQ way above what we're used to.
January 24, 2009 11:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
That's it in a nutshell,... unless it's not, ...or something else. Either way and the other ways, you make an excellent observation of how we should call the speakers out on their FA immediately. We do not do that often enough, or loud enough.
January 25, 2009 1:48 AM | Reply | Permalink