Does the free market corrode moral character?
There's a bunch of stimulating essays in answer to that question
from Bernard-Henri Levy, Robert B. Reich, Ayaan Hirsh Ali, Michael Novak, Michael Walzer, Tyler Cowan, Garry Kasparov, John C. Bogle, John Gray, Qinglian He, Jagisch Bhagwati, Kay S. Hymowitz and Rick Santorum,
at the Templeton Foundation website,
with comments from readers along the left side.
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Come on, take a stand.
Without heading away for heavy reading, I'll take a swing. The free market is identical with individual advantage-seeking in all areas, whether economic, political, or matrimonial. Morals are what societies have found to serve well as a moderator for that impulse.
If morals are held to be important, the individual actions will have to meet the standard. If not, then of course many (not all) individuals will take full advantage. The free market does not inherently corrode morals, it is lack of moral enforcement that invites personal corruption.
Asking the free market to be a moral force is oxymoronic. Asking it to remain moral absent active moral enforcement is foolish.
Markets occur if they are not actively suppressed, and even when they are. They don't need to be helped that way. They need damping mechanisms, for steady operation. Runaways are fun, like nuclear explosions, but less-efficient but manageable reaction rates are more useful. Markets need active pressure to spread accurate information, and suppress false info. Businesses never want to explain what they are doing.
But all moral systems require honesty as a starting point, so the market is amoral there, too.
Markets, like Monopoly games, trend toward concentration of wealth. I know of no examples of society or government having to make this possible. But societies do have to enforce some wealth-sharing, to not waste the resource of otherwise healthy members in temporary distress. All social animals do this. So markets are amoral that way, also.
But preventing markets is really hard, just like preventing humans from competing is hopeless (thus Communism fails without some form of it). So we have an activity that will exist, but must be managed. That human competition has given us telephones as well as symphonies is good reason to respect it, as well as admit it is deeply ingrained in all life.
November 10, 2008 6:38 PM | Reply | Permalink
"Without heading away for heavy reading, I'll take a swing," says Tom Wright.
After all, blogs should be flooded with the shallowest possible bullshit.
Right, Tom?
November 11, 2008 7:07 AM | Reply | Permalink
I am slightly grumpy when our members offer only a link, without summary or personal take on it.
It's opinions, not facts, right Jake? You know of an objective standard to use? I'll offer one, social health as measured by Gregory S. Paul, in a study published by the Journal of Religion and Society, out of a Jesuit institution called Creighton University. Here's the link:
http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2005/2005-11.html
It shows a strong correlation between poor social health indicators (divorce, suicide, murder) and overt religious practice (church attendance, literal biblical views) in western democracies. Since the freest markets in the study are the US (least regulation, lowest taxes) it's interesting that we score very poorly on social health. Not obvious whether that is because of free markets or too much simplistic religion. Probably it's more of an indicator than a cause, and in any case we can argue that religion doesn't ensure morals, and free markets don't, either.
But I don't argue they are corrosive, just amoral.
Swing away, J.
November 11, 2008 9:04 AM | Reply | Permalink
Destutt de Tracy, the Enlightenment "social philosopher" who coined the term "ideology," made a very general pronouncement about the difference between rich, emerging market economies like England and Germany and poor, traditional societies like Spain and Greece in the Nineteenthy Century. This thing has been quoted all over the literature of economics by Marx, David Ricardo, J.K. Galbraith, and many others:
"In poor countries, most people are comfortable; in rich countries, most people are poor." [This is my translation, which differs from the standard by specifying which way Destutt's generality is aimed.]
Marx was happy enough to quote Destutt about the labor theory of value:
"Our physical and moral faculties are alone our original riches, the employment of those faculties, labour of some kind, is our only original treasure, and that it is always from this employment, that all those things are created which we call riches, those which are the most necessary, as well as those which are the most purely agreeable. It is certain too, that all those things only represent the labour which has created them, and if they have a value, or even two distinct values, they can only derive them from that of the labour from which they emanate."
But as soon as Destutt diverged from the truth as revealed by the God of History to its Prophet Karl, Marx was also happy to condemn Destutt as a "fish-blooded, doctrinaire bourgeois."
Harharharhar!!!
November 11, 2008 10:37 AM | Reply | Permalink
Happy to see you back Jacob!
November 11, 2008 1:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
Come on, take a stand.
Tom, I've gotten the message, you don't like posts where people simply recommend. I know others feel as you do, but I'm not going to stop doing it unless management says they don't like that kind of posting.
I've just got different tastes than you, I don't like posts where Tom Dick and Harry pontificate on stuff when there are far better writers to read on the topic. Matter of fact, I don't understand the kind of thinking where you would want to know my stand on this, when you have all those other better, more qualified writers offering their view. There is only so much time for reading, and I prefer the better reading. I don't want to read someone like me on it, I don't know enough and haven't thought it through enough.
Not to say that I am not pleased to read your comment and most of the other comments here. They are helpful to me developing my own thinking on it. I do like other good minds who know more on topic helping me analyze good punditry and reporting. And I think it's ever more important on this site, the direction it has taken, for people to promote high quality once and a while. It gets real easy to get dragged down in the game of blogging and reading a lot of groupthink and crap, find out a year or two later that you can't even keep up with a well-read crowd at a party because all you've been reading is bloggers. I think that this site would be better off if so many starting posts didn't take such a soapbox approach.
I still don't want to take a stand on this, I see valid and interesting points in most of the essays, and I see a lot of good ones in the comments on this thread, too. It may be a year before I have a "stand."
November 11, 2008 3:32 PM | Reply | Permalink
What an excellent contribution AA. I haven't had the chance to read through the link, but I most certainly will later, and I'm recommending it because this is just the kind of post we need around here.
November 10, 2008 7:30 PM | Reply | Permalink
That linked set of essays was very rewarding!
I liked Michael Walzer's concept of "market constitutionalism"
"Market constitutionalism would set similar limits on the economic power of the wealthiest men and women. But again, obviously, we don't have much of a market constitution. Restraints on economic power are very weak; the countervailing power of labor unions has been greatly reduced; the tax system is increasingly regressive; the regulation of banking, investment, pricing policies, and pension funds is virtually nonexistent. The arrogance of the economic elite these last few decades has been astonishing. And it stems from a clear-eyed view that they can do just about anything they want to do. That kind of power, as Lord Acton wrote years ago, is deeply corrupting."
And I liked Robert Reich's exposition of our market choices being compartmentalized from our moral calculus. Tho' I think in the last two paragraphs he amazingly sidesteps the logical conclusion.
My own take is that we have the misfortune of being born animals on a planet where the only way for such creatures to survive is by ending the lives of other beings. The biological market forces us to do to others what we would not have done to ourselves. To break the Kantean principle of universalizing the maxim of one's own action.
Since we are forced to concede to this hateful logic, the lesser wrongs we do in the market (say buying slave-labor produced goods at Wal-Mart) are easy to overlook.
But the market does corrode us, without a doubt in my own opinion.
November 10, 2008 11:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
Michael Walzer says "the worst corruptions of our public life come not from politics but from the economy."
On the pleasant streets of Princeton, New Jersey, it must be easy to forget genocide in Iraq, because it doesn't really affect anyone you know.
Did Michael Walzer ever meet even one American soldier later crippled or killed in Iraq, much less any of the million Iraqis who have paid with their lives for our political delusions?
Of course not!
So for Michael Walzer, the financial meltdown is much worse than genocide in Iraq, because the financial meltdown significantly affected Michael Walzer and his friends in Princeton, New Jersey, but genocide in Iraq was only a problem for people who never had much of a stake in the free market anyway... for Iraqis who lived out most of their lives under the statist apparatus of the Iraqi economy and Americans from rural communities or inner cities who were left out of the housing bubble and the dotcom bubble and all the rest of the booms and reverses that are so important to Michael Walzer and his friends.
November 11, 2008 7:26 AM | Reply | Permalink
Not sure this is fair to Walzer, as I haven't read him in years, but more to the point... Jacob, do you see the Iraq War as having been driven by economic interests at all? i.e. Did strong business interests use the state to end-run controls on their actions, to obtain what they wanted? Or was it more "purely political?"
November 11, 2008 10:16 AM | Reply | Permalink
I'm not trying to compartmentalize economics and politics. Politics obviously contributed to the financial meltdown by removing almost all restraint on what banks could do with depositors' money, and it's equally obvious that without an economic interest in oil, we wouldn't be in Iraq.
But the ongoing genocide in Iraq is essentially political, for several different reasons, most of them originating with the unspeakable Paul Bremer. It wasn't primarily an economic decision to dissolve the Iraqi Army and leave hundreds of thousands of experienced soldiers unemployed. It wasn't primarily an economic decision to ignore enormous caches of weapons all over Iraq.
A long series of idiotic or malicious political decisions turned Iraq into a slaughterhouse. Our economic interest in the oil didn't determine any of them, except for the original invasion. This was always destined to be a disaster, but it didn't have to be a nightmare with a million bodies and annihilation of the distinctive Iraqi culture that was actually working better for lots of women, for example, than any other Islamic society.
November 11, 2008 10:58 AM | Reply | Permalink
I agree we can't reduce politics to economics, but on the disbandment of the Iraqi Army, is there a case that this created more room for the Blackwaters and such of the world to operate? Just wondering....
November 11, 2008 11:30 AM | Reply | Permalink
Couldn't agree more on the last.
(typed while listening to Munir Bashir Maqamat INEDIT.)
November 11, 2008 11:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
Make that "Bachir"! My typing is lousy nowadays.
On a side note the Oudh solo works of Bachir show what a high pinnacle of world civilization the Iraqi culture occupies(-ed) If you are a fan of the solo violin genre especially the immortal sonatas and partitas of JS Bach, then I highly recommend Munir Bachir's Meditations, Maqamat and En Concert-Live a Paris...
Ok, interruption over.
November 11, 2008 11:41 AM | Reply | Permalink
You can universalize that maxim, I reckon, if you're sufficiently connected to nature red and tooth and claw and all that bit. At some point, we're all going to be food for something else. As long as it's a microbe and not a macrobe that eats me, I figure I've done pretty well. Or in other words, it's a little harder to accept the Reverse Golden Rule - do unto me as I would do unto you.
November 11, 2008 5:56 PM | Reply | Permalink
I would have to ask, "Can moral character exist in a free market to begin with?"
November 10, 2008 11:04 PM | Reply | Permalink
I asked a friend of mine, an MBA, if one could be a successful businessman and be compassionate at the same time. Without a moments hesitation he
said no.
But as to the question, I think that the free market attracts mainly those of low or non existent moral character and rewards them as such. Those with a high moral character generally do not fair well in a free market system.
I believe this also works for politics as well.
C
November 10, 2008 11:18 PM | Reply | Permalink
This is probably as good a place as any for me to apologize for an over-the-top counterattack on cmaukonen in retaliation for a relatively mild personal remark.
I was out of line.
Sorry.
Now back to business:
You live in the age of the internet, Buckwheat! What makes you think your anonymous friend, "an MBA," is worth quoting about a difficult question like the moral force of free markets, especially when someone has taken the trouble to provide you with a link to a list of essays the least of which (Santorum) is still significantly more substantial than the one-word answer of your friend, "an MBA?"
November 11, 2008 7:39 AM | Reply | Permalink
Excellent show of restraint, Jacob.
November 11, 2008 10:10 AM | Reply | Permalink
I've been reading through these, they assembled an interesting group. John Gray is one of my favorite philosophers these days, though I don't quite agree with his dismissal of humanism as a way of looking at life.
As to my own quick take on the question: free markets encourage people to act in their own self interests, both short term and long term. What we as a society deem as moral decisions are often choices that one would make against one's own interests, in favor of another's interests. Is it better to give your old clothes to the Salvation Army in order to clothe others, or to sell your own clothes to a consignment shop? Maybe that's a silly example but I think it illustrates that, at times, free markets will ask people to put their own interests before the interests of others and that is potentially morally corrosive.
November 11, 2008 8:31 AM | Reply | Permalink
There are ways to attempt to opt out completely...go to a wilderness area and live off the land, but even that use of resources effects the future market and is in itself a moral decision of economic egoism. Most people who care deeply about this dimension use minimization strategies: boycotting certain products, boycotting Wal-Mart, using certain credit cards that contribute to the environment say, taking parts of their income and redistributing it to value-positive sectors of the market like charities and virtuous causes, recycling, etc.
November 11, 2008 2:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
A Free Market denies the less influential not only a seat at the economic table but meaningful participation in their own governance.
Compromise involving all the parties affected is the touch stone I have come to look for as a sign of good Governance.
Laws and regulations that are recognized and enforced by Government make the environment for the less influential Citizens to be considered consequential in the outcome of politics and their own economic future.
I took the present experience of living in a City where there is absolutely no recognition of law and Parliamentary Process to understand the beauty of compromise!
November 11, 2008 10:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
The essays presume that moral character exists. The proof that moral character doesn't exist is the active pursuit of the "free market."
How can the "free market" possibly exist within a moral framework? That truly bends the mind, and none of the authors confront that, although Robert Reich comes closest.
November 11, 2008 10:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
The essays presume that moral character exists.
No, the question did. And I admit that that really bugged me, as I am a moral relativist. But I think it turned out very well, I don't think all the answers presumed that at all. I think that means I don't know heck about thinking up good questions. :-)
November 11, 2008 3:37 PM | Reply | Permalink
I don't think there's necessarily anything wrong in presuming (or assuming) as long as you're willing to question those assumptions and/or encourage others to question those assumptions.
I wouldn't characterize myself as a moral relativist, but neither have I ever claimed to have a lock on moral certitude.
November 11, 2008 4:01 PM | Reply | Permalink
Of course it does. Some people cannot and will not respect boundaries, especially other peoples' bondaries.
November 11, 2008 1:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
Of course, on a literal base level, it really is simple as that. That's the whole raison d'etre of "rule of law." But as I said in my reply to gasket above, it really just was an ultra simplistic question on purpose, which let the respondents decide what "free" meant in "free market." Refining it more would have made them narrow their thoughts down.
November 11, 2008 3:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
There's some interesting research on this that was summarized in Predictably Irrational by Dan Ariely. As I recall it, the idea was that when you apply "market norms" to areas governed by "social norms" - when you put a price tag on behavior that people normally would do out of altruism - you get worse results.
Googling it, here's a synopsis from another blog:
I wouldn't take that to mean that the free market corrodes moral character, per se. But it's a caution against allowing market ideology to seep out of a limited economic domain - it could cause a kind of moral desertification of our ordinary non-economic lives.
Maybe it already has, as we get more busy and commidify more activities out of necessity. I was talking to my boss this morning about people's notions of community, and whether or not more Americans yearn for it, as David Brooks has said. She told a story about talking to an acquiantance on the upper east side about how since she moved to Brooklyn, and she has a real sense of being part of a community, and the UES resident said, "oh, I have that. I go to my butcher, I go to my dry cleaner, and they all know my name.
November 11, 2008 6:20 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for the reference. I've forwarded it to a couple of people with whom I've carried on a conversation on this subject for years.
Ever since reading Tawney's Religion and the Rise of Capitalism I've tended to believe that the Free Market does corrode moral character. And so does its absence.
For some reason I'm reminded of the Beyond the Fringe skit on the End of Days
"Is the veil of the Temple, split?"
"Well the veil of the Temple is always rather dodgy"
November 13, 2008 8:30 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for the link. I haven't read anything yet but the blurbs but my first thought on seeing the question is that a free market, like any social arena, tests morals.
Consider how the breakdown of trust between the major investment brokers in September froze the financial system. Isn't that a kind of proof of the societal value of honesty and fair dealing and the danger of greed?
OTOH, I think the free-market ideology worshipped by some "vulgar libertarians" is corrosive because it elevates the individual good over the social rather balance the two. In fact, it doesn't even recognize any responsibility for the social good because that will somehow emerge spontaneously when everyone learns to think just like them.
Now I'll move on to see what the professionals have to say.
November 14, 2008 8:08 PM | Reply | Permalink