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The per-Gallon Cost of White Flight
We have all seen those poor desperate teenagers. They walk the polished floors past the Footlocker, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Urban Outfitters, awkwardly making their way to the food court, breathing the conditioned air, and clinging along that friend who would give them a ride back home. The private security guards surveil them, but at least Mom and Dad rest assured that they are safe, for they are not on the streets, not that there are any streets in any real sense in such an ex-urban existence. Outside the building, acres of parking lot and miles of sidewalk-deficient roads separate this mall from other lesser strip malls, gas stations, golf courses and Walmart. Walking is inconceivable, and Mom and Dad appreciate this. In fact, Mom and Dad consciously invested in a home in such a pedestrian-hostile habitat precisely because they were suspicious of sidewalks and people walking down them, not to mention buses and bus riders. School, football practice, home, and any other place to which Mom decides to chauffeur them in their Exxon-Valdez-sized vehicle are really, in her view, the only places safe and healthy enough for the kids.
Ironically, these miserable youths and their schools were the principal reason given for the flight from the city to their captivity in no-pedestrian’s land. Starting in the late sixties and continuing throughout the seventies and eighties, following the obliteration of legally imposed segregation, middle class Americans found insularity in sprawl, and its enabler in the automobile. As cheap fuel allowed these moonscapes to thrive at the expense of our once proud cities, the outflux was perpetuated always in the name of “better schools” although quite often the longer commutes led to less parenting time, even while much poor quality time was spent with chauffeur Mom.
As even the suburbs became more diverse, the better schools somehow spontaneously moved further out. Thus, David Brooks’s romanticized exurban, the tax-hating libertarian whose telephone, cable, Internet, and other services were subsidized by the horrible city dwellers, now commuted four hours a day, waking up in the wee hours of the morning and arriving home in time to catch Leno, but of course this was better for the kids.
Meanwhile, some middle class people had had enough and started to gentrify the previously abandoned urban areas, although so many were dinkys who would flee to the suburb after that first pregnancy echogram. Nevertheless our cities have been experiencing a comeback. Buses are improving, light rail is emerging, sidewalks are becoming vibrant, and the concept of a public space is re-emerging as being of much better quality than the mall foodcourt. We have come to the realization that European cities are so ahead of us, and we spend costly Euros enjoying their non-chain restaurants, fabulous sidewalk life, public parks and spaces, and realize that even though they are paying twice as much per gallon of gas, that they are in less agony over it than we are because they are not hostage to the automobile and to pedestrian-hostile environments and lifestyles.
Our challenges are enormous because our human habitat design has for too long been unrealistic, but we have taken the big step and accepted that change is inexorable.












Comments (31)
Thanks for writing such a good article on a hugely important subject--the soullessness of our public spaces.
The way public space is now arranged is synonymous, I think, with a kind of fascist architecture and by that I mean, the ugliness of franchises built never for beauty but to erect the fastest, cheapest, most profitable building and the blaring predominance of billboards means a complete corporate takeover of the purpose of public life: the commons now exists for one reason--to convert all people and all minutes of the day into a an opportunity to reach and influence you as a consumer of corporate goods. The experience in these spaces is that our proper role is to be consumers first and a citizens second, if at all.
June 20, 2008 3:04 PM | Reply | Permalink
Love this post!
Thanks.
Rec'ed.
June 20, 2008 3:25 PM | Reply | Permalink
Great post, recommended. This is precisely why we live in the middle of DC. We want to raise our kids to appreciate the way of life that is coming for the vast majority of people.
We have just about expired the "useful" lifespan of suburbs. I believe it will either be big cities or small towns, connected by rail, with the suburbs dying a long death in between the two.
June 20, 2008 3:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
We hated DC (though better than the burbs) so took the much longer flight.
June 20, 2008 4:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
Great post!!! Recommended!!!
June 20, 2008 4:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
I really don't like these kinds of posts - short on history, long on criticism. We've had suburbs for almost as long as we've had cities. Those suburbs are incorporated and swallowed up by the cities as more people move to them, people move further out and it starts all over again. Most of the neighborhoods you probably live in now were once suburbs where people moved to escape the living conditions of the cities. More and more businesses are locating outside of cities because property is cheaper out in the burbs than in the city - not all burb dwellers have to commute to cities, believe it or not, there is employment by major corporations out in the burbs, few people have a four hour commute every day. Nationally, less than 2% of workers have extreme commutes, most people in this country live within 15 minutes of their employment.
When those in the service returned after WW II, housing was in maximum demand and in minimum supply. Those suburbs provided housing for those families and it gave them a rung up the ladder too. More people could build wealth through home ownership and leave wealth to the children, people could afford to take jobs in factories that were far from cities because transportation was cheap and fuel was plentiful. School systems didn't "move out to the suburbs", the suburbs built their own school districts and funded them (and still do) with their property taxes, they run the local school boards and have worked hard to provide a better life for their children.
Not all suburbs are friendless, unwalkable, unlivable places, people enjoy living in the burbs just as much as city dwellers enjoy the cities. Kids can walk places, they can ride bikes, they can rollerblade and they can hang out just as they do in the cities. I've seen just as many city kids roaming the city gallerias and malls as I have seen burb kids wandering around the gallerias and malls. Are you telling me that parents in the city don't worry about their kids' safety, that they don't have to escort them to ball fields and hockey rinks and evening sports activities at schools?
So maybe you don't like them, but for some people it's a good life and they're happy. Not everyone who lives in the burbs is out in them because he/she is a racist and I don't think it's necessary to level one of the most serious charges you can in this day and age because you don't like the way they live. Happiness isn't about where you live, it's about how you live.
June 20, 2008 5:57 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'd rephrase it like this: European cities are so far behind America that they're far ahead.
June 20, 2008 6:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
I have to disagree about the point of legalized segregation: the black middle class was happy to go to the suburbs as well -- and who wouldn't be? It gives you a manored feel.
As Kevin Phillips points out in BAD MONEY, home ownership has particularly strong roots in cultures that speak English: UK, Australia, Canada, US.
I would also suggest two books by James Kunstler:
THE LONG EMERGENCY
THE GEOGRAPHY OF NOWHERE
http://www.kunstler.com/books.html
Kunstler came to his notions of peak oil after looking at the pointlessness of modern organization of communities via the subdevelopment and strip malls.
June 20, 2008 8:33 PM | Reply | Permalink
If only Kunstler wasn't such an avowed racist...
June 20, 2008 11:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
Would you care to educate those of us that have never heard of the man instead of just putting out an unsubstantiated claim?
June 21, 2008 12:05 AM | Reply | Permalink
Are you referring to his commenting that present music (e.g. rap/hip-hop) infantilizes people? I will admit that he sounds a bit like an aging boomer at times (rants about certain things that are new and he doesn't get), but his points about suburbia and how inhuman architecture has become and the consequences of what he calls "the last blow-out of the cheap oil fiesta" are all well thought out.
June 21, 2008 2:58 AM | Reply | Permalink
I've wondered about this myself. What writing of Kunstler's I've read is strikingly absent of any discussion of the renaissance of contemporary American cities.
He believes that the suburban/exurban model is disastrously unviable -- yet he seems either ignorant or willfully silent on the tremendous revitalization of places like NYC over the last 25 years.
Brooklyn today offers almost all of the virtues that Kunstler espouses -- walkability, transit, mixed use, coherent streetscapes, locally owned businesses, etc. Yet (in the material of his I've read, including one book and various posts on his blog) he never mentions it.
His ideal seems to be the small town in upstate NY where he lives. Why doesn't he acknowledge how great big city living can be? Is there something about the demographics of cities that bothers him?
June 21, 2008 5:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
Cities like that are unsustainable without cheap energy. No skyscrapers, no ability to move water through the plumbing, no places to grow food, etc.
And there are more counter examples to your example: Detriot, Cleveland, etc.
June 22, 2008 12:18 AM | Reply | Permalink
Although it turns out to be true that "wherever you go, there you are" it is also true that some places are better -- in that they are more congenial (at least to you) -- than others. Curiously, however, this quality of congeniality seems to have little to do geographic location, or with size of population or with other factors that can be statistically-measured. Although sidewalks, for some reason, seem to be important, as are large outdoor common spaces. These features makes New York and London and San Francisco immediately village-like, as they also make tiny villages, like Victoria By The Sea on Prince Edward Island in Canada seem urbane. What all good places may have in common is a sense of diverse, but sympathetic community, which is, sadly, the Achilles heel of most suburbs, in which socio/economic congruity often breeds a surprising sense of isolation -- particularly at a mall.
What a fascinating topic. Thanks for the thought-provoking post. As a postscript, remember that there is always Charleston, where people say:"Why should I travel when I'm already here?"
June 20, 2008 11:50 PM | Reply | Permalink
I do not waste much time worying about mine. Worry warts worry. The rest of us raise our children like we were raised and send them out to walk or ride their bikes with only the normal concern that our parents had. We have the added security of their having a cell phone so we can check on them any time we wish and the world is safer than it was when we were kids (which was damn safe).
June 21, 2008 12:03 AM | Reply | Permalink
So you send the kids out of the house and you don't give them a thought until you see them again? C'mon, Larry.
June 21, 2008 10:19 AM | Reply | Permalink
What I do not do is escort them to every event like a parinoid modern parent who is paralized with fear everysecond that my child is without adult supervision. I teach them how to walk the city safely and I wory as little as I can convince myself to knowing that they are safer than we were as kids and we got by riding our bikes to school, parks, and to the shoppingcenter but that nothing is risk free.
June 22, 2008 2:23 AM | Reply | Permalink
As someone who throughout elementary school walked five city blocks to school holding my younger sister's hand, I could not agree more and have difficulty agreeing to the overprotection and fear nowadays.
June 22, 2008 9:12 AM | Reply | Permalink
'agreeing with'
June 22, 2008 9:13 AM | Reply | Permalink
I don't think the world is any more dangerous for kids than a generation or two ago. The population is larger, and the instances of bad things happening to children is greater, but the per capita occurrences are roughly equal.
We hear more about it because of how we get news and information now.
Sadly, bad things have always happened to children—urban, suburban, or rural children. Read fiction and reporting from 100 years ago and more, and there have always been dreadful people doing dreadful things to children and everyone else.
I think the question hanging there is does it do any good to protect children to the degree that some parents do now. Do you raise a generation of kids who can't cope with adversity? And what do you do about those kids who are going to be kids by finding whatever way they can to escape their parents' oversight to have their "adventures"?
Some kids are going to have to be idiots before they smarten up, some will always have common sense, and some will always be idiots. That's what humans are.
I'm hoping that as my three-year-old niece grows up, her parents and I (I'm responsible for a lot of her care) find a balance between her already-clear daredevil nature and keeping her safe. But we're all leaning toward moving back to a more urban area, where we all can walk to museums and parks and my niece can learn cautious independence.
June 21, 2008 1:26 PM | Reply | Permalink
You sound like a sane caregiver. She will be as safe as she can posibly be with adults in her life like you. We have to let our kids take some risks. Trying to protect them from all risk is even more dangerous than accepting some.
June 22, 2008 2:27 AM | Reply | Permalink
Interesting points! I live in Texas, in an area wihtout public transit, and have recently been bemoaning my commuter society. Not enough to get rid of my wonderful HUD home or my great job 20 miles away (at least my friends/family are in a 10 mile radius), but still. So I may be part of the problem.
However, something I've seen popping up in new boom suburbs are "village" shopping areas with cool stores on the ground level, and condominiums for several stories above, pretty much the way so many apartments in urban centers like Paris, London, and New York work. THEY'RE COMING BACK--and they're considered cool. The people who live in the condos can generally get to the movies or any number of good restaurants without needing a car, even if they can't necessasrily get to their job as easily (I have a funny feeling that most of the clerks in the stores couldn't afford the condos).
Not sure how much progress this is, but it's a step in the right direction, isn't it?
June 21, 2008 1:26 AM | Reply | Permalink
My first house was in a suburb south west of Denver, my realtor kept telling me what a "good area" it was. The area is somewhat famous for a school shooting that occurred there a few years ago and that should have been my first clue that the area was not all that great.
My car was broken into twice while I lived there, and I only left it out of the garage probably three times in the year and a half I lived in the area.
Right after I moved in my dog started getting out of the back yard and I would find the gate to the back yard open, at first I thought he(my dog) was opening the gate. Later I realized that my back yard was a thoughfare for many of the local kids as they could go through my yard to get to a greenbelt behind the property. I padlocked the gate, which I thought would solve the problem about a week later I found the gate broken off at the hinges. At that point I started keeping my dog inside when I wasn't home.
My house was at the bottom of a hill on a corner, three times while I lived there drunk teenagers drove into my yard. The last one was so drunk he got out of his car and passed out on my porch. I didn't call the police on that one because I lived in a unincorporated area which means you don't have city police you only have the sheriff and the office was 20 miles away. I didn' feel like waiting all night for the sherif to arrive. Instead I went up the street to a loud party and asked if they wanted to come get their friend, a few minutes later the kid was gone.
The final straw for me came when I got back from vacation and their were used condoms around my hot tub and beer cans everywhere.
I put my house on the market that week, the one thing I will say is that it was easy to sell a house in a "good area" a family bought it and at closing the mom was very happy that they found a "nice area"
I probably should feel a little guilty for not telling them what the area is really like, but if you think an area known for school shootings is a good area maybe you need to learn on your own.
June 21, 2008 1:41 AM | Reply | Permalink
Interesting story. I know most realtors are bullshit artists. Luckily, mine was a decent guy and told me straight up which neighborhoods I should not live in. He got me set up good in SW IL. But that stuff about the condoms and beer cans is outrageous. Kids today have no respect for anything. Not even themselves. It seems Littleton has a big problem that way.
June 21, 2008 10:17 AM | Reply | Permalink
An interesting post but I don't think it's the whole picture. First, America started as a largely rural area. Much of the present-day suburbs are these formerly rural areas, the remnants of which are still apparent.
This does not accurately capture all suburbs. I grew up in a suburb that was largely connected by a bike trail. We went everywhere on it. And if we couldn't get there with that, we just road on the back roads and whatnot. My mother was happy to send us out on our own (though perhaps if she knew some of what we got into wouldn't have been so.) Most of my childhood was spent riding bikes around or running around in the woods. My mother never much liked playing chaffeur, and we were happy to be as we were. In fact, quite a lot of suburban and rural areas, as well as cities are connected by trails. If you're interested, you can check out the rails to trails program. Traillink.com is an excellent site.Also, Bev is entirely accurate in saying that many of the suburbs of cities are large employers. Looking at the largest employers in Pennsylvania, for example, I see that two are headquartered in Valley Forge, one in Lancaster, one in Paoli, another in Kennett Square...and so on. A lot of businesses headquarter in places like this, not only because real estate is cheaper than in the city, but because in places where the schools are better, there is a more reliable pool of future employees.
June 21, 2008 9:08 AM | Reply | Permalink
I think that there is something to be said for all areas, just as there are drawbacks. This idea that people fled the cities for the burbs because they were all racists is silly. Were there racists that fled the cities to the burbs? Yes, but the more likely reason is the age old belief that house ownership on a bit of land is a rung up on the ladder and financial security for their families.
June 21, 2008 10:16 AM | Reply | Permalink
This is one of the best things I've read on TPMCafe in the two-plus years I've been visiting this site. Thanks!
June 21, 2008 10:07 AM | Reply | Permalink
I don't don't think the suburbs are quite as soul-destroying as Christopher Williams thinks, but I completely agree the burbs' best days are behind them. We're looking at a high-energy cost future (not just gas), and that's a chilly environment for the suburbs.
Well, it was (sort of) nice while it lasted...
June 21, 2008 10:08 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks to all, both those who connected with the narrative and those of who had valid criticisms.
June 21, 2008 11:18 AM | Reply | Permalink
California, for some of us growin' up in certain sparsely-populated west-of-the-Mississippi-fly-over locales, was a place populated by the children of parents who'd decided to keep movin', rather than stop and make do.
http://tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com/talk/2008/06/cheryl-crist.php
June 21, 2008 1:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
Larry Geater,
Those of us who've actually attended his lectures or read his books are very familiar with his comments. Read his books, interviews and blog comments for yourself since you've never heard of him before. He's been rather upfront about which populations need to be eliminated during the expected post-peak "die offs". However, I don't see you asking anyone else for cites. Wonder why?
June 24, 2008 2:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
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