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Cultus, not Cult: Obama and the Rationality of Civic Religion
I'm a grad student studying Philosophy of Religion, and I had to write about the "cult" meme which is bouncing around lately.
This meme, started largely by Paul Krugman suggests that Obama's movement is a cult. There may be a grain of truth to this, but its a gross distortion. What Obama's huge crowds represent is not a cult, but a group of people engaging in the practice of cultus.
"Cult" in our current parlance, is used to refer to groups like the Branch Davidians, the Heaven's Gate folks, and Scientology, in which members are manipulated, controlled, and intimidated by an individual or small group of individuals. Cultus by contrast, is a term used in the study of religion to denote those ritual practices in which a community comes together to establish a collective picture of the world, themselves, and their place in it.
What ritual practice achieves is not, as some would have, a blind submission to authority or adherence to rigid and inflexible dogma. Rather, it is a collaborative process in which the community re-affirms the cultural values and ideals that they hold and the foundational narratives which help them to understand who they are as people. More importantly, ritual praxis involves creatively adapting those ideals to new circumstances and re-telling the narratives in such a way that they remain relevant. And perhaps most crucially, it is a process in which even apparently passive observers are crucial participants.
Ritualization is something all of us do in large and small ways, every day, whether we are religious or not, because it is the mechanism by which human beings inherently make sense of the world - It is a form of reason which functions differently to abstract rationality, but is no less adaptive and constructive.
Certainly, there are geniuses who have a unique talent for re-telling the American story in such a way that it can captivate and enthrall the nation. JFK was one. Regan, unfortunately, was another - and each is still practically deified within their party. These individuals often do aquire an almost religious following - because what they are doing is functioning as the high-priests of American Civic religion. But there is nothing irrational about that. People respond to them not merely because of their personality; rather, people voluntarily participate in the ritual and theater of the political process because they make the rational (if sometimes unconscious) judgment that the narrative which these leaders construct is uniquely fitting to the needs of the historical moment, and because it helps people to answer the fundamental existential question of who we are as a people, and what that means for how we conduct ourselves as a nation.
Presidents like that achieve with the bully pulpit what would be impossible for managers whose influence derives solely from having a steady hand on the levers of power in the bureaucracy. They re-frame the national dialog and re-shape the electorate.











Comments (31)
Thanks for taking the time to teach me something I did not know.
February 14, 2008 8:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
"What Obama's huge crowds represent is not a cult, but a group of people engaging in the practice of cultus."
I think you're making way too much of this.
What Obama's crowds represent is simply folks participating in the political process.
February 14, 2008 8:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
Yeah, I agree he's greatly over simplifying the issues to fit his pet theory.
People are participating and backing Obama for a wide variety of reasons, with a more rational understanding of politics and the issues than usual.
If you look at the demographics backing Obama he has a wider base of support than Hillary across gender, ethnic, and economic divides. Obama's supporters tend to be more politically aware and involved, more educated on average, and have a higher degree of issue and policy awareness, which is why he's trounced Hillary especially well in Caucuses.
Obama has been continually reducing Hillary's lead with white women, showing that as they get to know the candidates and issues better they break for Obama. i.e. the "cult" behavior is more prominent in Hillary's base of gender voters.
Obama leads with white males, educated and uneducated, rich and poor, despite thier intial reluctance to support him on questions of viability.
He leads with blacks, of all gender and economic status, despite them having initially been very skeptical of him and backing Hillary as the establishment figure.
Hillary's lead with Hispanics is continually declining, and I'm sure they'll eventually realize Obama is the better candidate too. For example some of the Hispanic establishment stuck with Hillary for favors owed, but the prominent Hispanic community papers endorsed Obama for the future. Which really highlights the difference between insiders who back their personal loyalties, and community groups who just want the best candicate.
Which has basically been the whole story: establishment vs change, with the establishment having all the initial advantages, but with people continually breaking for change.
Here in the SF Bay Area, where we have a great diversity of ethnicity and economics, and are one of the few major economic growth areas in America, Obama leads Hillary by a pretty wide margin, despite Bill Clinton carrying the region twice by a huge margin.
It's been Clinton's game (and Krugman's for that matter) to try and define Obama's support as naive. It's utter BS and rather Rovian actually.
February 14, 2008 9:15 PM | Reply | Permalink
My impression is that you said almost the same thing he said, albeit with different words. Ans some examples.
February 19, 2008 2:21 AM | Reply | Permalink
I always thought Krugman was a sometimes useful, but overall rather weaselly sort of Democratic Establishment apparatchik. Talking about cult figure, what hypocrisy. He's responding to the threat against his own popularity which is tied at the hip to the Clintons, and has been since the 90s when he was expected to get a post in the Administration biut was deemed more valuable as pundit. Krugman's biggest fans tend to be naif Econ 101 types with the most shallow and often mainly ideological understanding of issues.
He's only recognized by serious economists for his pundit status. And he's only on the NYT for his party loyalty and predictability, which is their definition of "balance" i.e. hacks from all sides. The real joke on Krugman is that Frank Rich, the politcal and culture commentator, and former theater critic, actually has a better predictive utility on economics.
He was good 2000 when he attacked Bush's early moves to inflate the housing bubble, which he ran away from with his tail between his legs when Democratic backers in construction started telling Dems to shut up about the housing bubble.
I was also pretty disgusted with his support of Clinton's NAFTA, deregulation, and his $45K "consulting" pay from ENRON boosterism during the 90s, and his overall tendency to pawn onto Democrats whatever laissez-faire-voodoo the DLC lifts straight from Corporate Republicans.
The conclusion I came to years ago is he's a liberal economist second, Clinton adviser and party apparatchik first. Liberal when criticizing a Republican, Laissez Faire when backing a DLC type "well intentioned" trickle down policy, and never really Progressive.
Which btw, also applies (to a lesser extent) to Brad de Long, another Clinton economic adviser who was seduced onto the Clinton bandwagon and Chicago school. Though de Long has been somewhat more repentant for NAFTA and deregulation.
Still, there were better economists who got it right, and their criticism of NAFTA and deregulation were ridiculed by establishment suck ups like de Long and Krugman.
February 14, 2008 8:50 PM | Reply | Permalink
"The conclusion I came to years ago is he's a liberal economist second, Clinton adviser and party apparatchik first."
Oh sure. Which is why he was backing Edwards, right?
The problem with the kool-aid you're smoking is that it appears to cause short term memory loss.
February 15, 2008 8:00 AM | Reply | Permalink
kozmik...you should repost that as it's own blog.
February 14, 2008 9:33 PM | Reply | Permalink
Bingo! You nailed it! ♪♪♪
February 14, 2008 10:29 PM | Reply | Permalink
"What ritual practice achieves is not, as some would have, a blind submission to authority or adherence to rigid and inflexible dogma. Rather, it is a collaborative process in which the community re-affirms the cultural values and ideals that they hold and the foundational narratives which help them to understand who they are as people. ... And perhaps most crucially, it is a process in which even apparently passive observers are crucial participants."
To say that these are people just engaging in the political process is to deny the apathy that has affected the voting citizenry since pre-Bush years while also negating the deep sense of 'active citizen potential' that Obama seems to be inspiring.
While I have no problem with a healthy dose of cycncism, I think the times call for a collective voice and vision that begins to drive this country down a different path.
Also, wouldn't it be nice for the majority of voters (especially NEW voters and formerpassive observers') to vote without holding their collective noses??
February 14, 2008 10:35 PM | Reply | Permalink
misinformation,
I intend to in no way to deny the apathy that has afflicted voters, particularly younger voters, for a very long time.
To me Obama's greatest recommendation is his ability to energize and attract into the process the youngest voting generation. It is a phenomenon which brings to my mind 1968 and Eugene McCarthy.
I am an Obama supporter as I think to affect change in our national policies there must be a president who will tell us (the citizenry) what we need to here and who has the ability to mobilize the citizenry against the traditional power structure. I think Obama has that ability and the desire to do so.
Though I find Mr. Headman's analysis interesting, I think he's thinking way to far into the matter.
February 15, 2008 8:48 AM | Reply | Permalink
I guess I should also say that I am greatly encouraged by the youngest voting generation's interest in the process, after a couple of generations of disinterest.
I very much hope this generation will stick with it and become a part of a movement that will dethrone the traditional power structure and defeat the anti-government mentality that has infected our nation since the so called Reagan revolution, which very few national democratic leaders have had the gumption to challenge.
February 15, 2008 8:59 AM | Reply | Permalink
I like this article, but I will never be able to stomach the word "meme." Sorry.
February 15, 2008 9:01 AM | Reply | Permalink
Have to blame Richard Dawkins for that, and for now there's no alternative to the term, if used correctly.
But here I would use "trope":
1 a: a word or expression used in a figurative sense : figure of speech b: a common or overused theme or device : cliché
February 15, 2008 10:01 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks, Headman. This badly needed to be said. A lot of people on the left have a very impoverished concept of collective life, divided between irrational "revealed religion" on the one hand and a strictly instrumental and pragmatic politics on the other. To them I can only say: "Dudes! Read some Emile Durkheim."
But I'm a literary historian, not a student of the philosophy of religion, and my grasp of the secondary literature is not what it could be. Could you give me a couple of names, more recent than Durkheim, who support this conception of "cultus," and of "ritualization" as a mode of collective thought? Hope this inquiry isn't too academic, but it would be helpful for something I'm working on.
To go back to politics: you should write an editorial, for the Chronicle of Higher Ed, or the Boston Globe or something. This is a moment when philosophy of religion really does have something vital to contribute to political discourse.
February 15, 2008 10:04 AM | Reply | Permalink
Psychologist here. Can't provide what you seem to be seeking. But I can say that this post dovetails so well with how people change. It starts with a relationship. It starts with hope. A relationship with a trusted and catalyzing figure. A shared vision. Creative changes coming out of that. A reinterpretation of the past which reaches out to the future with a sense of momentum and purpose.
I see this every day in my work. The character of the leader, in my view, is far more important than the set of changes he or she "proposes," though they are important as well. Because out of the synergy of the "relationship" comes renewal and creativity. So it will be the dynamism between a president who envisions a country and a people in transformation. That dynamism will ignite the populace and in turn the legislators. And change will come.
Yes, it will not be easy. There will be setbacks. Sacrifices. But is possible only when you have a large majority of the citizenry committed, along with an extraordinary leader (as the poster describes it) who can lead this civic renewal. It's not pie in the sky, though some obviously fear the transformational power that can be unleashed here. Republicans fear it... they like top-down dictatorial changes. And anyone who needs total control fears it for similar reasons. But people who thirst for freedom are seeking this with tremendous longing.
Last night I was at a GOTV meeting and one man, an older white man for Obama, said in such an earnest voice: "We've been waiting *so long* for this."
Yes. We. Can. ♪♪♪
February 15, 2008 11:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
Not sure if I could get the Globe to print my editorial :)
Anyway, if you want to know more, I recommend Jonathan Z. Smith "Map is not Territory", Catherine Bell "Ritual Practice", and Paul Ricoeur (everything he's ever written, he's a genius).
February 15, 2008 11:39 AM | Reply | Permalink
Congressman Brown:
I rise at this time, on behalf of my constituents, to say that I respectfully, forcefully, and wholeheartedly disagree with the notion that Mr. Headman is "thinking way to[o] far into the matter," or "making way too much of this."
As recent events have shown, we can think too far into the matter of whether or not the '07-'08 New England Patriots are the greatest team ever. We can make way too much of HD DVD vs. Blu-Ray. We can think too far into the one-on-one match up of Amy Winehouse and Britney Spears in the death pool. We can overextend ourselves in the ongoing debate over Valentine's Day as a festival of love and lovemaking or a spectacle of crass commercialism and corporate greed.
But we cannot, in any way, shape, form, or fashion delve too deeply into the sociological and psychological underpinnings of why people get so desperate as to think that the only way they can build up their flagging, embarrassing, anemic, ineffectual campaigns is by tearing down one of the bright young stars of the political scene. I fully and enthusiastically support Mr. Headman's work on the matter thus far, I'm proud to sign on as a co-sponsor of his bill, and if he is willing to work with me, I would be happy join him in crafting further legislation on the matter.
And with that, I yield back the balance of my time.
February 15, 2008 11:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
Hear! Hear!!! ♪♪♪
February 15, 2008 11:55 AM | Reply | Permalink
People are fawning all over Sen. Barack Obama, especially since Super Tuesday. But do people really know his record in the US Senate and shouldn't people know it before voting for him? After all, you wouldn't buy a car without researching it first. Here are
some facts about Sen. Obama's voting record, pursuant to www.senate.gov: He voted for an additional $36Million for Guantanamo Bay (SenRollCate 93 in 2005); He voted to move interstate, class action lawsuits from state to federal courts, thus making it harder for consumers to sue [SenRollCall 9 in 2005). He failed to vote at all on S.Amdt 3164 in 2007 to safely redeploy troops from Iraq. One final note. He did not even vote to bring Bin Laden to justice (SAmdt2135 in 2007).
Enough said.
February 15, 2008 11:50 AM | Reply | Permalink
If you provide a couple of "facts" out of context (and at least one incorrect as has been pointed out below), you're actually distorting his record and not illuminating it. One way to get a view of his entire record is to go to those special interest groups that you support and see how they rate a particular legislature's records, as they do have the resources to go through the entire record. Additionally, they'll usually break it down for you as to why they ranked a politician a particular way, so you can determine if you agree with them. For me, the league of conservation voters is my first resource.
February 15, 2008 5:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm glad you got to post a comment. Mine seem to get lost or moderated for ages. I'm thinking of giving up for http://www.taylormarsh.com/ where at least some of this stuff on Obama is coming out. The Obamabots would rather wait until it gets swept out from under the carpet about 15 minutes after he is given the nod.
February 17, 2008 5:35 AM | Reply | Permalink
rgl1973:
Is there some mechanism by which the Senate has access to Osama Bin Laden so as to bring him to justice?
If there is, you should get the word out. You might be able to get some of that $25 M reward, not to mention blowing the lid off a HUGE story.
February 15, 2008 11:53 AM | Reply | Permalink
Since you wouldn't, I'm going to reply to my own comment:
The best way to have brought Bin Laden to justice was to have maximized the resources available for finding and capturing him. In Afghanistan. George W. Bush decided that it was more of a priority to send intelligence and special ops troops to start preparing for a wholly unnecessary war in Iraq. A number of war-mongers and cowards in the U.S. Senate decided to go along with him. Hillary Clinton was among their lot. And in 2007 they decided to introduce legislation pretending to put the toothpaste back in the tube?
I'm heartbroken that Senator Obama didn't support that nonsense. I'll have to re-think my support.
February 15, 2008 1:09 PM | Reply | Permalink
Your post is interesting and thought-provoking but could just be a rationalization for Obamania. Channelling Wikipedia, citation needed:
February 15, 2008 12:46 PM | Reply | Permalink
Well this is off topic from the article but I felt that rgl1973 , needs to prove what he is presenting as fact.
Are you saying that Senator Obama voted Yes in regards to 2005 Senate Roll Call Vote for the 1st session of the 109th Congress Samdt367 to HR 1268?
I looked and unless the Government computers are not telling me what the record is then is has him listed as a Nay.
(http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00093)
As to your second voter roll call SenRollCall 9 in 2005, here is what I found, and I am no lawyer, (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN00005:@@@D&summ2=m&), and I am giving you the benefit of the doubt after your first view of the voting record was wrong to please explain what exactly this law does? How do you come to the conclusion that, "He voted to move interstate, class action lawsuits from state to federal courts, thus making it harder for consumers to sue." The reason I ask besides the reason I sated above is because no where in the Summary is the word Consumer, only the reference to Class action and jurisdiction. Of course there is also the part that states, "Prohibits a Federal district court from approving: (1) a proposed coupon settlement absent a finding that the settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate; (2) a proposed settlement involving payments to class counsel that would result in a net monetary loss to class members, absent a finding that the loss is substantially outweighed by nonmonetary benefits; or (3) a proposed settlement that provides greater sums to some class members solely because they are closer geographically to the court."
As I states I am no lawyer but it would appear that what this is prohibiting is Trial or Class Action Lawyers from taking the spoils of their fees if the Client monetarily losses money. So I come to the conclusion that this is the Class Action Fairness act but by all means tell me where I am missing the boat! No I have read that the Grist did not like this bill because as they steted it is harder to move things forward in a federal court and also the judges who serve are appointed thus making ruling possibly in favor of the current administration, so obviously there were critics. Of course Kennedy, Dodd, Obama, and feinstein voted yea with Biden, Kerry, Clinton, Durbin, and Boxer voting nay. Again maybe you can flesh out the realities of this bill.
I look forward to your post.
February 15, 2008 12:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks, David H / numinous Nimon. That helps a lot! Also, I think, answers Emma's question.
February 15, 2008 1:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hardly. I requested a citation for a particular statement, not a reading list.
February 15, 2008 1:53 PM | Reply | Permalink
I see Obama's charisma lying in the way he represents a collective aspiration in himself and as someone who has a gift for naturally articulating and reflecting back to us a much needed sense of collective future possibility.
That's what a charismatic personality does--it reflects back to the people who are attracted to it something in their collective soul. And people are quite right to be wary of it and the personality cult that comes with it. Hitler reflected the fear and resentment that roiled in the German soul during the Weimar period. But the charismatic personality doesn't have to reflect only the dark aspects in the colllective. It can reflect something more positively aspirational.
Whatever their personal flaws, Jack and Bobby Kennedy had that gift, and it's Obama's gift as well--to reflect back to us what we want to be at our best. It's a gift, and although lots of politicians try, it cannot be imitated without appearing phony. You can talk about hope and change all you want, but unlless you have this gift the words seem hollow--they simply don't resonate, and so the leader does not get the support he needs from the people to effect his agenda. This is why Obama has the potential to be effective in a way that Hillary simply does not. He may not realize this potential, but at least he has it.
We live in a time of rapid change, and we humans don't like the feeling of lost control that comes with that. So we need leaders who can help the more timid among us embrace change rather than to fear it. Obam gets that he's not the one that's going to make change happen, and that we the American people are the ones to do it. Deep down we all want to be better than we are; we aspire to political maturity, and we hate being the fearful children in need of the Republican Big Daddy. But too many Americans have chosen to remain children by default for want of an imagination of what it might be like to be adults. We don't know what political maturity looks like. We certainly haven't been getting it from the spineless, collaborationist Democrats.
But while Obama is not going to make us into a better, more mature citizenry, (he cannot do for us what we must do for ourselves), he can use his charisma and the capital that comes with it to point the way and help us to get focused on the task. He can help us start a long-needed civil conversation to heal the ideological and cultural values rifts. He can help us to understand what's really important and what's trivial. I don't think that's laying too much on him.
February 16, 2008 1:38 PM | Reply | Permalink
Cultus by contrast, is a term used in the study of religion to denote those ritual practices in which a community comes together to establish a collective picture of the world, themselves, and their place in it.
it is a collaborative process in which the community re-affirms the cultural values and ideals that they hold and the foundational narratives which help them to understand who they are as people.
This administration has cast us adrift from whom we view our country and ourselves as. We not only desire but also need grounding and a sense again of place because our attributes and values were stolen from us by this administration!
Our illusions and the myths of America have been shattered leaving only the void and fear of the unknown. At this point we do not know who we are, where we are going and why this happened.
Clinton is associated and intertwined with Bush and the past. We know the answers for the new consensus reality for America is not to be found there.
We look to Obama to integrate the story of our present place with the past to form a consensus to move into the future. Clinton cannot do this because of the past intruding into the present and future vision.
If Obama is not the Icon for the future or if he fails to bring the country together and reestablish a vision for the future the results may be like the French Revolution of the past.
The participants who caused our tragedy, or worse the scapegoats pointed out by the real participants will be attacked by society and all manor of retribution aimed at them.
February 16, 2008 11:27 PM | Reply | Permalink
The Obama as cult phenomena meme has roots that even intellectualization cannot uproot:
http://obamamessiah.blogspot.com/
Why is it a cult? Because those who support him can generally only refer to the good feeling he provides or his oratory skills:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzFOOcEQtP0
Shouldn't we be focusing on the issues?:
http://www.davodd.com/2008/100-reasons-to-support-hillary-clinton
Shouldn't we be looking at why Obama wins the caucuses held in Red states but not the primaries in Blue States?:
http://www.thecityedition.com/Pages/Archive/Winter08/2008Election.html
Shouldn't we be leery of a candidate whose surrogates are strong-arming Black superdelegates, or threatening to boycott or "think about voting for" the nominee in November if it's not their own.
February 17, 2008 12:50 AM | Reply | Permalink
Interesting and perceptive article.
The question is "why is irrationality and feeling so deeply woven into the fabric of American politics?"
On the right the endless cults of Christianity... in the center the contemporary and momentary cult of Obama.
No one is moved by reason. Clinton represents technocratic reason. Nobody cares. We only feel that we know her when she cries! At last, real human feeling? What IS that about?
It's about the level at which we (even I) conduct our politics. It's why Republicans and Independents will cross over to vote for Obama. It's why Democrats voted for Reagan. People are literally blind to policy. They assess only the smile, the feeling, the vibe, the imagined human connection, the feeling of the crowd, the feeling created by the rhetoric.
We are deeply irrational animals... Most of the Presidents of the recent past are proof positive.
So is it a bad thing that Obama understands or can use the true path to power, the path of emotion and feeling? Given what flawed and limited creatures we are, if manipulating our hearts is the path to less irrational public policies (he does have reasonable technocratic ideas in his back pocket), perhaps we must say "more power to him!"
Or if we believe that the means become the ends, perhaps we must fear that every path to power (every successful use of the irrational), ensures that power will be exercised in an irrational way. Success in electoral politics assures failure in implementation and technocracy. This would be a grand paradox of politics indeed.
I think you still have to support the master of the irrational, over the master of the technocratic, because only he has a chance to win and be in a position to govern from a position of technocratic rationality, even if he will be hindered by the irrationality that brought him to power.
February 18, 2008 3:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
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