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Class in America

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John Williams runs a site called Shadow Government Statistics, based on the premise that the Federal government has been lying to you since the mid 1990's about some crucial statistics. His most critical calculation is on unemployment. I have regularly been using the U-6 measure that counts discouraged workers and part-time employees who wish to work full-time. But Williams says, even that undercounts the unemployed.

"Up through 1994, this was the definition of discouraged workers: You met all the other qualifications, but you haven't looked for work in the last four weeks," Williams said. "In '94, they changed the definition so that in order to be discouraged, you had to have not looked for work in the last four weeks, but you had to have worked in the last year. The result knocked several million people out of consideration. ... Those who hadn't looked for work in the last year just weren't counted." The result, he said, is an army of unemployed workers that the government simply redefined out of existence.

So according to Williams nearly 22% of the working age public is unemployed. When you combine this with the CPI numbers that came out yesterday showing the economy entering the deflation zone, one could think we were still facing another great depression.

But then you read in the same issue of the Times this quote.

All seems well indeed atop the food chain. Whole Foods, purveyor of richly priced organic onions and other groceries, last week raised its best estimate for same-store sales growth this year to as much as 7 percent from as little as half that. Its shares have gained 45 percent this year, while those of price-conscious Wal-Mart are down a bit.

Other anecdotes tell a similar story. The chief executive of one of America's biggest banks contends that the strength of the American economy will surprise everyone. The hedge fund manager John A. Paulson has been busy telling investors he is seeing the upward side of a V-shaped recovery. His investments in banks and other economy-driven stocks back up the view.


So maybe John Edwards was right--there are two Americas--or maybe four.

So first you have to look at who's got the money.

We should start with the top 5% of American households that control 72% of America's wealth. I call them The Insiders. At the very top of the insiders, Business Week recently noted that the average income reported by the 400 highest-earning U.S. households grew to almost $345 million in 2007, while they paid an average tax rate of 16%? Much of this wealth come from the world of finance as opposed to industrial production as is evident by this chart.

I will not try to address the question of whether the very remunerative activities of these speculators is a net benefit to our society, but it does seem quite obvious that The Insiders privilege is like a festering boil in the class conflict that is at the root of the Tea Party Movement. But this "class consciousness" is necessarily obscured by the fact that the proprietors of the main source of media information for the Tea Party (Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck and Rupert Murdoch) are all members of of the Insider Club of the top 5%. They have no interest in turning the Tea Party rage on their own privilege. They are Private Jet Populists.

The second group in the Four Americas is the next 15% of our society that owns 21% of the wealth--The Middle Class. Most of them still have their jobs and though the ranks of the middle class may shrink, they don't feel embattled and so they have a certain optimism about the recovery that is crucial. But this group is probably split politically by age, with the older demographic being much more conservative on social issues like gay marriage or support for military spending. In general many of the middle class are professionals (doctors, lawyers, teachers) and so they have a generally liberal outlook and are probably among Obama's strongest supporters. But they are realistic. They know that on a day like the Flash Crash, The Insiders with their dark pools of capital and their high frequency trading platforms get to the front of the line in the trading queue. They know the fix is in.

The third group in our cohort is the Working Class--the 65% of the country that has very little financial wealth and as the CEO of WalMart said yesterday, "more than ever our customers are living paycheck to paycheck." These people are pissed off, but because they are fed so much propaganda by Fox News, they are pissed off at the wrong people. Their anger should be directed at The Insiders, but they have no way to express their outrage at the leaders of Citibank or Goldman Sachs. What are they going to do? Cut up their credit cards? Put their money in a mattress? So their anger gets channeled towards the Middle Class (liberal professors are one of Glenn Beck's favorite strawmen) and towards the politicians that have taken the money and the cues from The Insiders.

The final group is The Outsiders--the 15% permanent unemployed underclass that has now risen to 20%. Many of them have mental or physical disabilities but as a society we don't know what to do with them. They are totally removed from politics--they don't vote and they don't protest--and so we ignore them. We see them walking the streets of our big cities at night, pushing their earthly belongings in their pilfered shopping carts, talking to the moon. In a just society, many of them would be hospitalized, but long ago we emptied out the mental wards and decided it was a law enforcement and not a mental health problem.

There are two ways to think about the Four Americas. One is to believe that the country will continue to prosper as the rich continue to spend. A Citibank analyst report was fairly succinct in this regard.

Back in October,we coined the term 'Plutonomy'. Our thesis is that the rich are the dominant drivers of demand in many economies around the world (the US,UK, Canada and Australia). These economies have seen the rich take an increasing share of income and wealth over the last 20 years, to the extent that the rich now dominate income, wealth and spending in these countries. Asset booms,a rising profit share and favorable treatment by market-friendly governments have allowed the rich to prosper and become a greater share of the economy in the plutonomy countries.

The key to the maintenance of a Plutonomy is of course a Mass Media system as Marcuse pointed out in One-Dimensional Man.
The social controls (of advanced industrial society) exact the overwhelming need for the production and consumption of waste; the need for stupefying work where it is no longer a real necessity; the need for modes of relaxation which soothe and prolong the stupefication; the need for maintaining such deceptive liberties as free competition at administered prices, a free press which censors itself, free choice between brands and gadgets.

Without the stupefication of Reality TV, mass drug and alcohol ingestion, and general mall fever, the bottom 80% of the society might wake up to the reality of class in America. Literally having no stake in the society's collective wealth (less than 7%) they might take a more revolutionary stance towards The Insiders. But this of course is why the plutocrats at Fox News and Clear Channel radio are so anxious to keep the steady diet of Rush and Glenn's misdirection on the air. The statistics show that any attempt to portray our country as a welfare state being run for the benefit of the poor (Limbaugh's main line of reasoning against Obama), is a pure fantasy.

I have no idea how to create a class consciousness in this country, but any democracy in which 5% of the people call all the shots, cannot represent itself as "the last best hope of mankind."


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The government is like the TV weatherman in resort town. The forecast is aways bright and sunny with little chance of rain.

Even when it's coming down in buckets outside.

C

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Reminds me that in the last days of WWII in Europe as we and the allies were literally carpet-bombing Germany, the Third Reich was proclaiming practically on an hourly basis that Germany was winning the War. Strangely enough, even as the German people were watching their cities being leveled, they continued to believe the propaganda. Apparently, propaganda works - which is really a disheartening thought.

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It is useful to think with more than one axis in mind. tarot falı Income level is a measure of what is sociologically referred to as bakugan izle status, that is pattern of consumption. Class is rather a descriptor of role in society (for Marx, in relation to tarot falı production, but we can generalize). There is bakugan izle correlation but bakugan izle not uniformity. Most people in the top 20% bracket occupy class positions that are petty bourgeois (self-employed, professional, and bakugan izle supervisory), but of course there are people in much lower brackets that also occupy similar position ( like a walmart supervisor). tarot falı It is fair to speak of these as "middle class" in the modern sense, a class position that is midway between the capitalists and the workers, tarot falı and usually have a confused politics to match. bakugan izle But that has little to do with the American term "middle class" which is merely a confusing euphemism tarot falı for worker.

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Great post. I have a couple of issues/questions for you.

People go more than a year without looking for work? More than a year? Who are these people? I don't want to sound judgmental but unless these people have some other way of sustaining themselves, I just don't get it. I mean, are these struggling moms who can't leave the kids to go look for a job or people with inheritances who might kind of want to work but don't have to and don't really want to either? A year is a long time. I think I'd freak out.

I definitely agree with you that we can't have 5% of the people calling the shots and call ourselves a functioning democracy. But you know the solution is a lot simpler than you think it is. As you say, there's no evidence that the country is a welfare state being run for the benefit of the poor. Indeed, the evidence directly contradicts that conclusion. America is an awful place to be poor. So how do we raise that class consciousness you write about? The good news is that we don't have to deal at all with reality TV and drug users to get there.

The obvious answer is that the President, who is in possession of all tghe facts you write up and more, needs to plainly state the truth to the American people. So, why do you think he doesn't?

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My guess is, and it's strictly mine, that 'bad' news may cause people to hold on to their money - waiting for prices to drop, or fear of what tomorrow will bring, or who knows - a consumer economy obviously depends on a healthy amount of consumerism. I suspect deflation may rear its ugly head somewhere, but I'll leave to others to prove, or disprove, my suspicion.

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I think you're right. It's all about confidence, and the Gov't is terrified of doing or saying anything that could lead to a Sept. '08 style crisis of confidence in the Economy.

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Or admit that they are in reality stewards of such a fucked up system.

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I went 3 JK

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I think this president fully believes that the success of his administration depends on appeasing the Insiders. He may be right.

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Just about the only hope of counteracting that message controlled by that top 5% is what we're using right now: the internet. As moves are made to commercialize and control access to the net through pricing, we may lose this as well. It's interesting to contrast the social structure we see today, with that of feudal society, particularly post black plague, and the rise of the guilds, then try to define the operative differences. They aren't as great as many would presume, and much of our advancement is in terms of scale here in the OECD nations, while the relative distribution of wealth remains virtually unchanged.

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Great post, though I do not think you can call anyone in the top 20% of the income/wealth distribution "middle class" in any meaningful sense. Upper middle class or lower upper class is a better descriptor. Maximally, the "middle classes" (there are several) reside in the middle 60% of the population.

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The French use the term Bourgeois, but Middle class is what I prefer. The old Marxist trope of Ruling class, Bourgeois and proletariat doesn't quite work any more

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Mrs Premise: How's the old man, then?

Mrs Sartre: Oh, don't ask. He's in one of his bleeding moods. 'The bourgeoisie this is the bourgeoisie that' - he's like a little child sometimes. I was only telling the Rainiers the other day - course he's always rude to them, only classy friends we've got - I was saying solidarity with the masses I said... pie in the sky! Oooh! You're not a Marxist are you Mrs Conclusion?

Mrs Conclusion: No, I'm a Revisionist.

Mrs Sartre: Oh good. I mean, look at this place! I'm at my wits end. Revolutionary leaflets everywhere. One of these days I'll revolutionary leaflets him. If it wasn't for the goat you couldn't get in here for propaganda.

C

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The Marxist bourgeoisie is in fact the capitalist class (though you could divide it between large business owners and the rentier class of pure investors), not the middle class (that was the petite bourgeoisie of small businessmen and professionals). By definition the "middle class" needs to be in the middle and in the top 20% is not the middle of anything (except perhaps attenuated elite privilege).

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I see the point you two are making, but I guess I'd say that this is less than a semantic debate - if income inequality has gotten to the point when the lower 3/4 of the top 20% have only 21% of the wealth, and the 80% below that only have 7%, it's not unrealistic to think that this loft 15% really is middle class as most of us think of it.

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I see the point you two are making, but I guess I'd say that this is less than a semantic debate - if income inequality has gotten to the point when the lower 3/4 of the top 20% have only 21% of the wealth, and the 80% below that only have 7%, it's not unrealistic to think that this loft 15% really is middle class as most of us think of it.

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I see the point you two are making, but I guess I'd say that this is less than a semantic debate - if income inequality has gotten to the point when the lower 3/4 of the top 20% have only 21% of the wealth, and the 80% below that only have 7%, it's not unrealistic to think that this loft 15% really is middle class as most of us think of it.

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Sorry about the impatient button pushing - I have been gone for a long time....

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It is useful to think with more than one axis in mind. Income level is a measure of what is sociologically referred to as status, that is pattern of consumption. Class is rather a descriptor of role in society (for Marx, in relation to production, but we can generalize). There is correlation but not uniformity. Most people in the top 20% bracket occupy class positions that are petty bourgeois (self-employed, professional, and supervisory), but of course there are people in much lower brackets that also occupy similar position ( like a walmart supervisor). It is fair to speak of these as "middle class" in the modern sense, a class position that is midway between the capitalists and the workers, and usually have a confused politics to match. But that has little to do with the American term "middle class" which is merely a confusing euphemism for worker.

One may significantly speak about the capitalist class or rentier class (bourgeois) at the 1% or even 0.5% level.

The old distinction between ruling class and bourgeois is irrelevant, given that we have no royalty and landed aristocracy.

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Where do you put the upper managerial class? the Lloyd Blankfeins and the Jack Welches?

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The upper managerial class, (by which you probably mean CEOs, and sometimes their CFOs and COOs, of quoted companies, as well as managing partners in partnerships) are members of the capitalist class.

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And yet, those managers only control capital (most of which they don't own) for as long as they hold office in the enterprise in which the capital is invested.* Once relieved of or retired from that control are they still "capitalists"?

Can you be a capitalist if you don't "control" the enterprise in which your capital is deployed?

* Indeed, not being managers the vast majority of the wealthy must give over their "capital" to be controlled and managed by others.

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I think one needs to pay attention to the way legal forms develop and not try to use 19th century categories automatically. A number of things changed with fractional ownership.

LB "makes" 50 million dollars a year. A decade in office leaves him with half a billion dollars in assets assuming he came in with none. It makes no sense to refer to that as anything other than capital ownership. It is true that while in office he controls a much larger pool of capital than he will ever own. That's part of the way fractional capital works. But he is a capitalist for what he owns, even though he also manages OPM.

One of the things that changed with the demise of the landed aristocracy and especially after the New Deal, in defense of the accusation of being parasites, is that the income structure of the people at the top 0.1% shifted. Dividends went down and the "compensation" of top partners and CEOs went up, so that even people whose income is above half a million dolars a year "earn" 56% of their income from "wages." see http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/levy/dle2004t.pdf

The most basic characteristic of membership in the capitalist class is ownership of assets that makes one not belonging to the labor market. The major fact of capitalism is that those not owning the means of production must sell their labor. The upshot is that if you don't have to sell your labor to maintain a leisurely level of life, you are a member, regardless if you also work and get paid.

Thus, if we take a standard of 3.5% of low risk earning, and a leisurely income of $300,000, that definition would include in the capitalist class everybody with $8.5 million dollars in assets. As usual, this is a heuristic borderline, and one should take the borderline between bourgeois and petty bourgeois to be a very thick line, perhaps all the way from $1M to $10M dollar in assets.

C). Workers get paid rationally, based on their value to the company and the level of competition and militancy in the labor markets. Wages are thus not voluntary. The capitalists do not decide how much to pay workers, although they use a variety of indirect methods to shift the balance in their favor.

In contrast, it is up to the capitalists to decide how much to pay themselves and how much to reinvest. Control over residual income, that is wages that have no correlation to a "market" or to value, are again the mark of inclusion in the capitalist class.

So LB and the whole top managerial class is part of the capitalist class. That is also very clear in the way it manifests itself in terms of class interests and their cultural representation.

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. . . 19th century categories . . . .

"Capitalism" good; living parasitically off dividends, interest, and capital gains not so good.

How about a campaign to substitute the word "rentiers" for "capitalists"? Or would that be too Frenchifying?

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"Capitalism" good; living parasitically off dividends, interest, and capital gains not so good.

Ah but that's the bourgeoisie vs. the aristocracy thing. Americans tend to forget about that because we never had much of the latter. To this day, for one example, you still see some Brits explain that as the reason they've decided to become American citizens. Another to this day--no American billionaires made from rentier activity want to look like they don't work, rather they brag about working all the time. (I am reminded of this often by my father, because it drives him nuts, he loves retirement for allowing him to pursue pleasurable activities and doesn't get why anyone would want to work if they didn't have to, can't fathom power highs.)

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Obviously, I do not agree that capitalism is good ;-) It used to be grossly unjust and destructive, but in this century it becomes also suicidal. Do you really think it is possible that the global GDP will double every 20 years?

I also fail to see a substantive difference between the "wages" of Blankfein or Welsh and the "rente" earned by Paris Hilton from her father's estate.

Rente is earning for the ownership of assets, and so it is inherent in capitalism. There have been attempts to distinguish between "productive" capital and "parasitic" capital. Aside from the fact that politically this distinction has usually been a signpost on the road to fascism, it is a distinction that is immaterial on the basis of capitalist logic. If you assume that prices carry honest information about value, than the very fact that Blacnkfein earns 50 millions suggests that he has produced a commensurate value; there is no way within the theory of self-regulating markets to distinguish between a true dollar and a false dollar. If you ditch the logic of capitalism, than prices do not represent values but power. And if that is the case, why pay rente in any form?

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"Les rentes" ou l'ancien droit de jouissance (usufruct)?

You may not think capitalism good -- Americans disagree. You may not distinguish Blankfein and Welch's "wages" from Paris Hilton's rentes -- Americans do.

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Maybe it might help if we chipped in and bought him this kid's term paper. Maybe it would help my dad understand, too. Myself, when I think of subject of bourgeois culture and its development from the 19th century until now, I think of the subject of the term paper as a representative example.*

*Do not take the last sentence as simple snark. While it's partly snark owing to the gross excess of the example, it's also partly what Holland Cotter said in the first line of his article in yesterday's paper: It's unwise to be sniffy about pop culture.

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It's unwise to be sniffy about "popular" culture, although the meaning of the predicate has shifted, not the culture of the people, but mass produced culture sold to the people. While recognizing that it is popular, i.e., people consume it, and therefore contains something of value, it is also to note that taste is "acquired," and in that case, manufactured. That makes a general point about any cultural ambience doubly true here: it is just as unwise to see "popular culture" as a source of authority, or as compelling this or that ideological framework.

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Some do, and some don't. If you're asking for short term fixes and rhetoric, argue anything, although I think your sense of the popular esteem of Blankfein is exaggerated.

But long term change cannot be built on sand dunes. If you start by accepting that the wages of Blackfein are legitimate reward for his "work", as Obama did, the game is over. What you are recommending is building a platform for positive change on petty bourgeois consciousness. It never worked before and my prediction is that it never will.

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We are in uncharted territory. Manufactured demand for both cultural and physical products is central to modern capitalism.

"We are just giving the people what they want!" they clamor. And it is true, they want it now even though they had no clue that they wanted it a year or so ago.

Some economist might say to this: but that is progress! The caveman had no clue that he wanted the wheel until it was invented, so there you go.

Not so fast. It is true that in classical hedonistic Utilitarianism, a thing is good if it produces happiness. Under that formulation "The Apprentice" is good, vicious video games are good… etc.

But that should alert us that utility has to be revisited. a product is useful not if it produces some scintillating moments of glee or entertainment but if it helps produce a better society or at least if it does not contributes to the degeneracy of the society that we have.

Both Ellen and Artappraiser point to the entertained masses and say "see, they love LLoyd Blankfein" and wish they were him. Or they love the latest shoot-them-up blood-and-guts video game, so you see it must be good. Who are we to judge the worthiness of the tastes of the masses?

You produce these products that are cleverly aimed at attracting demand for them, then if anyone complains about the social dysfunction these products result in, you say, "but, but...they demand this thing, are you against giving people what they want?"

Evildoer is right; this is not a sustainable basis for long term social/economic good health.
A degenerated, illiterate population will not be able to sustain a healthy nation.

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A story --

In their televised debate during Ted Kennedy's first Senate campaign Cabot Lodge pointed out that his opponent, self-styled champion of the workers, had never held a job. Kennedy was scheduled to shake hands at a factory gate the following morning, and his campaign staff was worried about the effect Lodge's charge would have on their candidate's popularity.

So -- at 6:00 AM Kennedy's at the gate glad-handing the workers when one of the them, a short older man, stops and gives him a long second look.

"I understand you haven't worked a day in your life," the old timer says. Ted Kennedy was taken aback and his advisers were trembling. "Well, Teddy me boy," he continues after a lengthy pause, "you ain't missed a thing."

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Yeah, that's my dad. Except he doesn't cotton too well to Teddy's being treated special when they drown young women, so there's the anti-aristocracy side of him there. :-)

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I recall, certainly evident in my own family, that that 5-10% did quite well during the Depression. As a matter of fact, it did better than it may have under normal circumstances. (My parents had a live-in cook/maid, a gardener, a house boy, an attending nurse-maid for my baby brothers - what's not to like. It wasn't as though my parents were filthy rich, it was because labor was dirt cheap.)

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Can you give us income breakdowns for your 4 groups?

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I have no idea how to create a class consciousness in this country -- or anywhere else for that matter.

Since before (and certainly after) WWI mankind has lived an atomized, individualistic life. Alone, each man or woman may be a member of a mass*, but individually, he/she is unable to connect politically with anyone else.

Without economic interests seen to be in common with others and an expectation that political action can advance those interests class consciousness will not develop.

* Mass: the apoliticals and optouts (a majority in modern democracies no matter the number of voters all of whom know their individual votes are meaningless) that a strong leader (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin) appeals to.

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Interesting poll but --

My suspicion is that the middle class' support for increased democratic freedoms comes less from its members' interest in political engagement and more from its antipathy to any radical change -- that is, it views democracy is more stable.

The slap against the middle class is that its membership's interests don't include public interests; that in times of the slightest stress the middle class retreats to private concerns about their jobs and families, solely.

As the best guarantee of their jobs and their families' happiness the middle class looks to the elites to maintain things-as-they-are. It is, naturally, conservationist of the existing political structure.

Unless they make a complete mess of things the elites are safe from the middle class and the lower classes can be given just enough panem et circenses to keep them mollified.

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knew you'd have something interesting to say about it.....

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"Where do you go [in America] that is neither family or work?" Hakim Bey at 3:20

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How true. There always seems to be a demagogue waiting in the wings, ready to rise from the ashes of other doomed civilizations, he somehow always finds a platform from which he tells people what they want to hear. Appealing to passions and prejudices rather than to reason, a distressed nation's people invariably grant him almost unlimited power. History is rife with the type and the hell-on-earth that invariably results from his leadership.

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While it is useful to look at real unemployment numbers that this author purports to show, I would argue that the "official numbers" are more useful when formulating economic policy.

This may sound callous, but when you're trying to move the economy through macroeconomic policy, there is little point in considering those who have given up, and are not actually seeking employment. It is not the government's role to actively find people jobs, to lend "moral support" or encouragement, or to otherwise micromanage individual lives.

Think about it in election terms. How much duty does an elected politician owe to those "discouraged" citizens who have "opted out" of voting? I would argue none at all.

I'm not an every-man-for-himself Repub. But a free society must have individual responsibility as its foundation. The government should not be looking for ways to support those who are no longer trying to support themselves.

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How much duty does an elected politician owe to those "discouraged" citizens who have "opted out" of voting? I would argue none at all.

Morally I'd have to disagree with that. Pragmatically, of course you're right.

The idea that voting is the sole criterion on which to judge civic engagement, let alone merit by which one deserves good government, is pretty ridiculous. I tend to vote as an idealistic expression of engagement, but I can't fault those who don't. When you weigh the infinitesimal probability that an election comes down to one vote against the time spent going to the polls, standing in line, etc. it's a very rational decision.

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The problem for the plutocracy is that they've already tried the experiment when the rich get it all and everyone else gets the crumbs, and it didn't work. They ended up selling ucky mortgages to the rest of us because they couldn't come up with any other way to make money (uh, maybe because no one else had any). In 2002 Bernanke was asked why all the money was going into mortgages. He responded that there was nowhere else for the money to go.

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... the proprietors of the main source of media information for the Tea Party (Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck and Rupert Murdoch) ...

Master G. L. Beck is no 'proprietor', it is itself a property owned by Rupert, Firstlord and Kiddiemaster Foxcuckoo.

Neocomrade Dr. R. H. Limbaugh falls somewhere in between, yet closer to the passive or proprietated end for "media information" purposes: those who can bear paying a little attention to the EIB show can hardly fail to notice how much the Doctor of Demoplutocracy owes to his golfin' buddies and/or sponsors and would never in a million years dream up unassisted.

In theory bein' owned by a committee with no fixed membership rather than by an individual mediamaster ought to give Himself more neoliberty than G. L. Beck gets from His Firstlordship. But I pay no attention to Planet MacL@@han and thus cannot affirm or deny that this is in fact the case.

Healthy days.

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what bothers me so very much is the fact that America looses its strength. I hope that the situation will change when the new presidents arrives...
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I just don't really understand why would they do that? Why would they lie to the public about the statistics?
it sounds a bit insane, as the reality and truth will always show up, sooner or later
some politicians may win but for a very short period of time, and they have to deal with the unemployment anyway... so what's the point?
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hey
I think that it is a very interesting time in our world
as the continents that are young will be the ones that will be the dominating forces in our world
America used to be the creating power, when it was young, not so dominated by the bureaucracy and law. Now when the country settled, it is to slow and has too much to lose to shape somethingn new, and to relay on the virtues...

Our world is fascinating
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