Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics
When we were just beginning work on our book, Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics, we stumbled on a curious but compelling relationship. In a state level analysis, we found a very high correlation between favoring corporal punishment of children and the 2004 Bush vote. To begin our TPM post, we thought it might be interesting to see whether the result replicated in 2008. It does.
In states with lower percentages of people that endorse spanking and washing kids' mouths out with soap, which is the case in New England and much of the Middle Atlantic, Obama did very well. In states with higher percentages, like Wyoming, Idaho, and Alabama, McCain won big. Even the states that fall somewhat far from the trend line are usually easy to explain. For example, Hawaii, Illinois, and Alaska are all favorite son or daughter states. Several states that are below the line, like Nevada, Indiana, and Ohio, are states that have usually voted Republican in the past.
Of course, we don't think that spanking kids causes people to vote Republican. We do, however, show in the book that those who view the world in hierarchical terms, a worldview consistent with using physical means to discipline children, are now much more likely to vote Republican. In contrast, those who view the world in more horizontal terms favor Democratic candidates. The psychological terms that match these colliding worldviews are authoritarianism and nonauthoritarianism, which we measure by asking people about their child rearing preferences. Those who favor obedience over self-reliance and respect for elders over independence score high in authoritarianism. Those who favor the reverse are the nonauthoritarians.
We show this dividing line between the parties is new. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics traces a gradual evolution of the issue agenda over the last several decades, which has produced this politics. That evolution started with race and "law and order" in the 1960s, continued with the emergence of feminism and differing approaches to the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s, and hardened following the rise of gay rights, terrorism, and immigration as high-profile issues in the 1990s and 2000s. Since authoritarianism structures people's opinions on all these hot button issues, it has gradually come to structure people's choice of party. Because these colliding worldviews suggest fundamentally different understandings of right and wrong, a politics divided along these lines has produced more acrimonious disagreements, increasing party polarization and an intensifying inability for partisans on one side to see anything redeeming in the views of those on the other.
When we refer to authoritarians, we do not have in mind members of the "Hitler youth" who blindly follow leaders. Barack Obama is the President, but rampant speculation about his citizenship and a high incidence of threats on his life suggest that those who score high in authoritarianism do not follow just anyone who is in charge. Rather authoritarianism captures, at its core, a person's need for order, including a strong preference for cognitive certitude. Those who score high in authoritarianism need order a lot, tend to see the world in black and white terms, and look to established traditions to provide it. A black president with a Muslim sounding middle name and a tendency to articulate his views in nuanced terms is especially unsettling to the things that those scoring high in authoritarianism find comfort in.
Those who score low in authoritarianism, by contrast, love a character like Barack Obama (whether they agree with all of his issue positions, such as his mixed record on civil liberties, is a separate matter). Rather than being concerned about his complex background, they revel in it. Rather than seeing weakness in a bow to a foreign statesman or softness in courting the approval of world leaders, they embrace it. They don't see his deliberative decision making process on Afghanistan as dithering, as those on the right do, but rather as necessary contemplation to get the solution right. All represent fundamental differences in outlook that make it hard for Republicans and Democrats today to find common ground.
Though we argue that the evolving issue agenda of the past several decades has played a decisive role in structuring the current, authoritarianism-based divide, it is not necessarily the case that the divide will continue to be driven primarily by those issues that brought this divide into being in the first place. As we've written elsewhere, though health care was not one of those issues that originally shaped the current divide, racial resentment - an important component of a more authoritarian worldview - now plays a powerful role in structuring differing attitudes toward health care reform. In other words, while specific issues created the current chasm, the current chasm is now so deeply ingrained and so powerfully structures party identification, that it is the chasm itself that is beginning to structure how issues are debated, including issues that were not previously explained by one's level of authoritarianism.
I keep writing it - the political problems today are not a clash of ideologies. They are a clash of cultures.
One is a traditional rural culture that is rather authoritarian, the other is a modern culture that is more egalitarian and urban. The county-level comparisons of Republican - Democratic dominance from the 2004 and 2008 elections display the geographical extent of those cultures very well.
Political power in America is shifting from rural domination to urban domination, and this has been especially true since WW II. It can be predicted by what percentage of the population is second generation city residents (first generation tends to have moved from the country for a better job and the more well off members of the first generation get recreational farms for their weekends.)
Liberals who look on the conservatives as logical people who are simply misled by false and inaccurate ideology will never understand the depth with which the conservatives reject modern, urban America. They really are losing their preferred way of life and they watch as it is stolen from them every day.
The concept of corporal punishment of school children is just one more thing they are losing. That society can step in and tell them to stop rearing their children the way their parents reared them is a real loss to them.
November 30, 2009 8:34 PM | Reply | Permalink
I don't think that traditional rural culture is authoritarian at all.
Rural culture values autonomy and independence tempered by voluntary cooperation and responsibility. In contrast, urban culture values collective and group effort tempered by anonymity and privacy, more or less in reaction to the authoritarian structures imposed on it by government and business.
The efforts to arrange a political marriage between farmers and laborers really never bore fruit, despite the quaintly named Democratic Farmer Labor Party in Minnesota. Many farmers remained allied with the Farm Bureau despite the best efforts of the Farmer's Union. Their children moved not to the cities, but to the suburbs where some sense of autonomy could be preserved. The remnant still living in the rural areas are among the most anti-authoritarian people in the country, and they view government as a tool of the city people that interferes with their independence in mostly negative ways.
December 1, 2009 11:20 AM | Reply | Permalink
I'll disagree with you. As an example, someone who is LBGT is almost forced to move to the city to find tolerance. Even less extreme forms of social deviance, such as divorce, are much less tolerated in rural cultures. Rural cultures have a much higher demand for social uniformity that do urban ones, and as a result apply stronger social penalties for social deviancy.
Social diversity is more of an urban characteristic than a rural one.
December 1, 2009 2:35 PM | Reply | Permalink
First, anonymity and privacy are less available in rural communities. Therefore, if you openly pursue an unconventional life style, gay or heterosexual, everyone will know about it. Those who object to it will do so openly. An unconventional life style can be more easily pursued in the city because of greater anonymity and because there is safety in the numbers of like-minded individuals.
On the other hand, in rural areas there are lots of old maid school teachers and bachelor farmers living together, and no one much cares whether they are also sleeping together or not.
Second, the anti-authoritarian rural society resists being told by the media and other formers of popular opinion that behaviors that have traditionally been considered unacceptable have now become acceptable.
December 1, 2009 6:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
not really, there is a ton of privacy, when you have a few miles between each farm.
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September 14, 2010 12:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
Since the disciplining of children has figured in the discussion, there are perhaps some reasons for farm/city differences.
Farm kids often work with adults around machinery and livestock, a fairly dangerous environment. So unhesitating obedience to a command from an adult is adaptive in helping them avoid serious injury and death.
When the adult says "stay away from that shaft", you really do want the kid to back away from the power take off shaft connecting the tractor to the feed grinding mill. It should have a shield, and the shield should be working properly, but no one wants to take the chance. And the kid who continues to approach the shaft will probably be physically punished for it by a very concerned parent.
December 5, 2009 12:01 AM | Reply | Permalink
How do you explain the traditional preference for physical punishment for children in Afro-American culture, both rural and urban?
December 5, 2009 12:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
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February 17, 2011 2:19 AM | Reply | Permalink
How can you explain the traditional preference for physical punishment of children in the African-American culture, urban and rural? Directory Submission
August 28, 2010 5:08 AM | Reply | Permalink
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I think this is key. And along the same lines the political demographics have changed. This country was, for all practical purposes, white and protestant christian for a very long time. So the political differences between the left and right were not nearly as great.
With the change in demographics, the right has gone more to the right and parts of the left have gone even more left and there is very little remaining in the political middle.
C
November 30, 2009 10:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
I agree with you that the civil Rights and diversity issues symbolized the polarization of the American national politics, but it's my opinion that those were results of underlying structural changes in America. The big shift was the Depression, the clear failure of the Republican Party to deal with it, and the resulting catapulting of the Democratic Party into majority party status. Both parties at the national level were actually alliances of the state-level parties, so there was little real national level polarization between them. Then WW II created a very rational Democratic class of leaders who carried America into the 60's.
The polarization then occurred because of the interaction of the Civil Rights Movement, WW II and the Draft that effectively equalized Americans and broke down the rather authoritarian and class-based nature of American society, and very importantly, the increased power of communications nation- and world-wide. Politically TV created the basis for actually national political parties instead of just alliances of state-level parties. That this occurred can be seen because brokered national conventions ceased as TV sets expanded throughout the nation.
The polarization was a result of those factors. The great irruption of party polarization occurred with the Nixon Southern Strategy when the culturally rural white racist and mostly authoritarian voters went to the Republicans. Since then they have been consolidating their gains and those who could not accept the Republican ideologies have found that their only alternative was to vote Democratic if they were to have any effective political power at all. That's because the American voting systems do not leave room for any third party.
It is my opinion that the urban culture prizes diversity and the ability to deal with uncertainty, while the rural agricultural culture tends towards social stratification, social dominance of a relatively unified religion (evangelical) and authoritarianism.
The urban culture does not, I don't think, develop until the second generation after rural families move to the cities. It is similar to the way the first native generation of immigrants do not fully assimilate into the American culture as the Amy Tan books tend to demonstrate.
I think the polarization of the parties is primarily because the authoritarians who have congregated into the Republican party cannot deal with the diversity and intellectualism of the urban culture. so the Republicans work to unify the culture of their party ("the movement conservatives") while there is no similar unifying force among the Democrats. But the entire tendency of the Republicans to unify at the national level is largely caused by the ability to communicate more effectively since the late 50's. That would be suggested by the very strong position of PR people and direct mail experts in the Republican Party over the last 50 years. I haven't observed that such professionals have similar power positions in the Democratic Party.
Anyway, that's the pattern I think I have observed in American national politics since the 1950's.
Based on this thinking, it is my opinion that the political ideologies of the two parties are largely effects, not causes, of the polarization of the parties at the national level. Those are the ideologies that reach either members of the modern, urban culture or the traditional agricultural culture. The nation-wide communication channels require that unification of party ideology.
The Republican authoritarian ideology is stronger because the cultural traditional conservatives are losing the culture wars as the population becomes urbanized, industrialized, more mobile and generally more educated and as the agricultural sector has become sharply reduced in size and importance culturally. The rural political elites will be the last to recognize this.
Does it make any sense to anyone but me?
December 1, 2009 3:08 AM | Reply | Permalink
Well said Richard. Also the demise of the political "boss" system. Primarily with the democrats. This was their only real way of organizing themselves around an issue and/or candidate. The political bosses carried a lot of weight. Especially in areas such as NY and Chicago.
They could make or break a candidate.
Humm...Baby out with the bath water ?
C
December 1, 2009 10:29 AM | Reply | Permalink
Good point, and one I had overlooked.
December 1, 2009 1:46 PM | Reply | Permalink
I mean Negative Capability, that is when man is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts without any irritable reaching after fact & reason. John Keats
The authors should not employ the term "authoritarianism" (a form of government) when they're talking about The Authoritarian Personality (in the past several Cafe-ers have pointed us to the work of Bob Altemeyer). The authors are on stronger grounds when they refer to those who find a home in the Republican Party as exhibiting a "strong preference for cognitive certitude."
The complexity of the modern world calls for a Keatsean or Nietzschean* sensibility -- and cow colleges and football powerhouses aren't likely to produce that sensibility.
* There are no facts, only interpretations. Friedrick Nietzsche
December 1, 2009 12:06 AM | Reply | Permalink
There is the occasional football powerhouse with a real if below-the-radar educational facility -- New College of Florida, for one.
December 1, 2009 12:26 AM | Reply | Permalink
Hmmm . . .
There is no intercollegiate football program operated at New College of Florida. Athletics is offered as intramural or club competition only.
~OGD~
December 1, 2009 2:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
What with all those Fulbright fellows I was sure New College was a football factory. Guess I was wrong.
Thanks for pointing out my error.
December 1, 2009 3:00 AM | Reply | Permalink
As an example I might better have chosen Hume Hall.
December 1, 2009 3:20 AM | Reply | Permalink
Those who favor obedience over self-reliance and respect for elders over independence score high in authoritarianism. Those who favor the reverse are the nonauthoritarians.
This is an interesting description as it applies to my childhood recollections. We were expected to be obedient but were also encouraged to be self-reliant. The same applies to respect for our elders. That went without saying. However, we were also given a great deal of independence. A lot. That independence frequently lead to some poor choices, mostly inconsequential, which we were punished for. But what I realize is the independence, or our freedom to think and act independently, was never infringed or diminished in any way.
So we made our silly misjudgements borne of youthful inexperience and were held to account for them and then went about our lives without anything having changed except we learned the lessons our parents were trying to impart. I guess I'd have to say, unbeknonwnst to us, our parents laid down a set of parameters that we had to learn and once learned, knew we couldn't violate. Even in learning, while we got our backsides warmed to add a varying degree of emphasis to the lesson, that was the end of it. And never was there any discussion. None. We came to learn with the utmost certainty the difference between a good outcome from a bad outcome and appreciate that both had logical and inevitable consequences which could only be accepted and never altered. This may sound to be a black and white idea but we learned right from wrong and to be responsible.
December 1, 2009 4:30 AM | Reply | Permalink
What was it about you ("We"?) which made corporal punishment necessary?
Maybe it wasn't you. Maybe it was your parents who were teaching poorly considered lessons which you, as a free, thinking member of the human race (however small and powerless), questioned by deed.
December 1, 2009 11:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
The psychological traits that the child brings to the parent-child relationship apparently matter. From the section "From the Bottom Up: Psychological Origins of the Motivational Substructure" in Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities.
There is more work by John Jost and others on the psychological antecedents of political attitudes, including "system justification theory" which deals with how people rationalize positions at odds with their self interest.
December 1, 2009 11:53 AM | Reply | Permalink
I have no complaints. I have twelve brothers and sisters. We're all fine with no druggies or people in jail and everyone is holding down a job of some sort or other. Our parents were strict but they respected our independence and individuality. We don't all agree on the method of our upbringing but you can't argue with the result.
December 1, 2009 2:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
Not being in the consequentialist camp I'm afraid "The end justifies the means" argument doesn't impress me.
December 1, 2009 4:52 PM | Reply | Permalink
There is an almost irresistible impulse to see those we disagree with as defective or deficient in some way. It may even be unnatural to see people who disagree as equals, I don't know. But the cloying supremacism of seeing Others as "Authoritarian" is offensive and doesn't pass the smell test.
The veneer of objectivity, one is simply different from another, falls away as the "Authoritarian" side is labeled as racist. It's a dog whistle everybody can hear.
December 1, 2009 7:01 PM | Reply | Permalink
Physical/Corporal Punishment of Children in schools is illegal in 30 states, yet shockingly still legal and practiced in 20 states. My 3 children attend schools in an UNRESPONSIVE Paddling School District, Houston County, TN. My husband and I made a written/verbal presentation to our local school board members in April 2008 during "National Child Abuse Prevention and Awareness Month" to demand they prohibit paddling of children in our schools, and they have ignored us, we have had no response. We have taken the matter up with State and Federal officials only to be told it is a "local issue". It is outrageous that children are hit with wooden paddles in schools in 21st Century classrooms based on where they live. News headlines of children suffering deep bruising injuries from paddling at school and lawsuits (one school district in Miss. was sued twice for $500,000 each in one month by families of 2 children who were injured by being paddled at school) are all too common in the states where paddling school children is practiced. Our nation's most prominent and trusted Children's Health and Education Organizations have issued official position statements Opposing Corporal Punishment of Children in Schools including the American Medical Association (AMA), The American Academy of Pediatricians, The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The American Academy of Family Physicians, The American Bar Association, The American Public Health Association, the National Mental Health Association, the National Education Association, the National Parent Teacher Association (PTA), the NAACP and Prevent Child Abuse America among others. My husband and I are strongly opposed to our children's learning environment including fear, anxiety, dread and humiliation caused by witnessing/overhearing physical punishment of children in school, students are hit with wooden paddles by teachers in hallways within earshot of classmates for minor infractions such as not turning in homework, battered students immediately face classmates with red and tear-stained faces when they return to their seats. The cost to ABOLISH Corporal Punishment of Children in all schools is $0. Please visit the Center for Effective Discipline website for more information and contact your governor and representatives in congress to demand they introduce/support legislation to ABOLISH Corporal Punishment of all Children in all Schools. All children deserve EQUAL access to safe and healthy learning environments in our tax-payer funded schools.
December 2, 2009 10:09 AM | Reply | Permalink
good point and a nice read thanks for that! now I have to get back to potty training my two year old :(
March 24, 2010 1:00 AM | Reply | Permalink
Damn i didnt know some people still lived in the cave era. too bad
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Our parents were strict but they respected our independence and individuality. We don't all agree on the method of our upbringing but you can't argue with the result. Logo design service
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I think this is key. And along the same lines the political demographics have changed. This country was, for all practical purposes, white and protestant christian for a very long time. So the political differences between the left and right were not nearly as great.
With the change in demographics, the right has gone more to the right and parts of the left have gone even more left and there is very little remaining in the political middle. animal facts
August 3, 2010 10:47 AM | Reply | Permalink
It was the beginning? Cool ;)
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It was in 1991 ;)
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I think it all boils down to motivation for the child. A child is either motivated to please their parents, teachers, etc. because it makes them feel good, or they are motivated by the fear of punishment. We must agree that most children are motivated by the latter.
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Is it true that some people still lived in the cave era? I just can't believe it.
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July 15, 2010 3:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
I heard about a lady getting thrown in jail for slapping her kid for kicking her on an airplane. Sometimes kids need to get a spanking instead of just taking away their video games
August 19, 2010 9:03 PM | Reply | Permalink
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buse Prevention and Awareness Month" to demand they prohibit paddling of children in our schools, and they have ignored us, we have had no response. We have taken the matter up with State and Federal officials only to be told it is a "local issue". It is outrageous that children are hit with wooden paddles in schools in 21st Century classrooms based on where they live. News headlines of children suffering deep bruising injuries from paddling at school and lawsuits (one school district in Miss. was sued twice for $500,000 each in one month by families of 2 children who were injured by being paddled at school) are all too common in the states where paddling school children is practiced. Our nation's most prominent and trusted Children's Health and Education Organizations have issued official position statements Opposing Corporal Punishment of Children in Schools including the American Medical Association (AMA), The American Academy of Pediatricians, The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The American Academy
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"buse Prevention and Awareness Month" to demand they prohibit paddling of children in our schools, and they have ignored us, we have had no response. We have taken the matter up with State and Federal officials only to be told it is a "local issue". It is outrageous that children are hit with wooden paddles in schools in 21st Century classrooms based on where they live. News headlines of children suffering deep bruising injuries from paddling at school and lawsuits (one school district in Miss. was sued twice for $500,000 each in one month by families of 2 children who were injured by being paddled at school) are all too common in the states where paddling school children is practiced. Our nation's most prominent and trusted Children's Health and Education Organizations have issued official position statements Opposing Corporal Punishment of Children in Schools including the American Medical Association (AMA), The American Academy of Pediatricians, The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The American Academy" great @ Sanalplatform
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"buse Prevention and Awareness Month" to demand they prohibit paddling of children in our schools, and they have ignored us, we have had no response. We have taken the matter up with State and Federal officials only to be told it is a "local issue". It is outrageous that children are hit with wooden paddles in schools in 21st Century classrooms based on where they live. News headlines of children suffering deep bruising injuries from paddling at school and lawsuits (one school district in Miss. was sued twice for $500,000 each in one month by families of 2 children who were injured by being paddled at school) are all too common in the states where paddling school children is practiced. Our nation's most prominent and trusted Children's Health and Education Organizations have issued official position statements Opposing Corporal Punishment of Children in Schools including the American Medical Association (AMA), The American Academy of Pediatricians, The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The American Academy" great @ Sanalplatform
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