The Virgin Class

One of the issues I was glad to see Jessica raise in The Purity Myth was the problem of socioeconomic class. It struck me many times when researching my own book on virginity--and many more when reading Jessica's--just how tightly tied to classism the contemporary virginity movement really is. (I note as well, and without conflating the two, that this classism is also profoundly racist.)
Jessica repeatedly makes the very useful point that the idealized virgin of the virginity movement is white, thin, conventionally pretty, young, middle class, and at least in theory both sexually inexperienced and sexually available. Women of color, disabled women, poor women, and, frankly, women who are simply considered unattractive from a mainstream perspective really need not apply to join the virgin club, except insofar as they'd like to avoid being labeled as sluts (not, as Leora Tanenbaum notes, that it necessarily helps).
If we look one step further back from these idealized virgins, we find the white, conformist, middle class families behind them. They have a particular set of interests to protect, and a particular set of aspirations to work toward, many of them centered around power, wealth, and security. I think it's worth looking harder at how virginity is part of that.
Three of my off-the-cuff thoughts as I've been thinking about this:
1. Anthropologists Jack Goody and Alice Schlegel note that cross-culturally, societies that place a lot of emphasis on premarital virginity tend to be cultures where social climbing is very important: virgin daughters are bargaining chips for ties to wealth and status. Recall the stereotypical delight of the middle-class parents who discover their daughter is engaged to a lawyer or doctor, or (jackpot!) someone who "comes from money" and is independently wealthy.
2. There is enormous false nostalgia in America for the era that is usually perceived as the glory days of the middle class: the 20 to 25 years just after the end of WWII. I was often struck while reading The Purity Myth by how much the culture of sex that the virginity movement seems to want resembles this nostalgic vision of what sexuality was like in the mid-1950s:
- a strong sexual double standard
- "good girls" who "didn't" and who were intensely invested in not "getting a reputation"
- no visible homosexuality or teen pregnancy
- pre-hormonal contraception
- pre-feminist (in the US, awareness of feminism generally begins with second wave feminism in the 1960s)
- pre-"Sexual Revolution"
- pre-Eisenstadt v. Baird, Griswold v. Connecticut, Roe v. Wade
- high priority on monogamy and "going steady"
- young age of marriage, high incidence of marriage
- women at home with children rather than in the workplace
3. The idealized virgin of the virginity movement is the most valuable woman in our culture in terms of her attributes. White, young, affluent, pretty, educated, sexually desirable, and available, she represents a set of characteristics that are, frankly, aspirational by normative standards. "Upscale" has many faces, and one of them is hers.


















Of course the idealized 50s never existed since people were sexually active (even gasp before marriage!) and there were homosexuals (they were just persecuted more than they are now) but... sheesh... even if the idealized 50s did exist, who'd want to live in them?
We shouldn't lose site in this discussion about very important things (and social equality is to my mind the most important of things to discuss) that sex and sexuality are fun, and inspiring and transcendent and I don't understand why some people either want to take that away from others or worse, define how it's supposed to be for others.
April 7, 2009 8:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
What a bunch of crap and wishful thinking.
While it is true that parents want to see their daughters marry well and be well taken care of, and that one of the currently accepted ways of accomplishing this is for their daughters to remain virgins until they marry, they want their sons to be successful including in their sexual conquests. This double standard creates more problems than it solves.
One of the problems in current society is the non-recognition of sexuality. Females are expected to remain sexually inactive through their college years - until they are 22 years old? While Males are encouraged to be sexually active? No wonder there is so much psychological damage wrought during teenage years due to sexual repression.
A healthy society recognizes that even teenagers have sexual desires and provides an outlet for those desires.
April 7, 2009 8:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
Well duh. The first ideation is clearly making virginity a choice, not a situational hit or miss, like the second group.
Yes it's a cheap stereotype but that's the result of idealization for illustration, no?
April 7, 2009 9:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
I'm sorry: I can't think of a less-relevant topic to right now than "America's obsession with virginity".
In 2009? Say whaaat??? This "virginity movement" seems a minor manifestation within evangelical Christianity; it should be given exactly the regard it deserves, which is to say, very little. Instead, on these pages at least, it's an excuse to dust off some really tired, '70s-era feminist cliches and beat very dead horse.
Can anyone, anywhere afford to give a damn about any of this?
April 7, 2009 10:15 AM | Reply | Permalink
There's a reason that Levi Johnston's appearance on Tyra Banks dominated quite a few headlines yesterday. You may not agree with it or like to admit it, but Bristol Palin was an issue during the campaign and after because the virginity/promiscuity of young women is in the national consciousness. And if you still don't believe that, it definitely affects young women from childhood to adulthood, and that's reason enough to have a dialogue.
April 7, 2009 12:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
April 7, 2009 12:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
Since, in 2007, two babies out every five were born to unwed mothers, promiscuity would appear to be a problem - at least, underage sexual activity with absolutely no attempts at birth control. In many of these cases, children at issue will end up in the foster-care cycle - at best. At any rate, most will face a future delimited at birth by absentee parents and non-existent families. This debate is not about that. This debate is a diatribe that "white, young, affluent, pretty, educated, sexually desirable, and available" is still "aspirational by normative standards."
April 7, 2009 12:25 PM | Reply | Permalink
But how much of an issue was she really? That story was pretty minor in the grand scheme of things. And it was based on a false premise. One of the more interesting aspects of that whole episode was the media speculation about the effect the pregnancy would have. There was a lot of talk about how it might turn off conservative evangelicals, who were crucial to the McCain campaign's chances.
But that turned out to be overblown. It turns out that one's attitudes towards teenage pregnancy are very correlated with socioeconomic status. Rich coastal liberals tend to view it as a catastrophe whereas people from Bible Belt regions tend to view it as less of a big deal. It's just another sin to redeem - or something like that. Thus evangelicals were less judgmental about he Palin family than many liberals expected them to be.
April 7, 2009 12:51 PM | Reply | Permalink
I can't presume to estimate how much of a long-term effect the story had on the election campaign. But I had a strong sense at the time that the Bristol Palin story, including the way it was handled at the Republican National Convention, had suddenly opened up a latent, long-growing class rift within the Republican Party.
Respectable middle class Republicans keep their unwed pregnant teenage daughters hidden from public view. They probably get abortions for them most of the time. And if they do arrange a shotgun wedding, they certainly don't dress the captured and subdued sperm-spreader up in a hastily purchased suit, and march the awkward and indiscreet backseat couple before a national audience as exemplars of family values.
The long Republican gravitation away from bourgeois "silent majority", white bread values toward redneck populism finally came back to bite them. People like Peggy Noonan seemed horrified by the embarrassing classlessness and hillbilly buffoonery of of the Palin clan. But I think the episode just crystallized a growing dissatisfaction among many Republicans who had grown impatient with indulging every ignorant superstition and backward moral maxim of the populist religious right.
April 7, 2009 5:04 PM | Reply | Permalink
The Bristol Palin episode helped to expose two truths:
1) Abstinence-only education is bullshit; and
2) White conservatives are allowed to use their unwed, knocked-up daughters to prop up their Family Values bonfides while continuing to demonize nonwhite single mothers.
It will take another generation before these kind of morally bankrupt people become a small minority and thus will no longer be able to cause great harm to society.
April 7, 2009 6:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
EXACTLY. Thank you!!!
April 7, 2009 10:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
I agree with all that has been said about the overemphasis on virginity but I have to say that at least part of the reluctance to embrace a 'liberated' sexuality is understandable. The seuxal revolution does have a very seedy underbelly. There are porn sites out there who goal is to demean woman with the sex secondary. The free porn sites routinely trash women. Slut is almost an endearment on the sites. It gets worse from there. Of course, a course of action that is the opposite of the porn version of sexuality is poor course of action, there are other course of action certainly, but this emphasis on the sexuality of the 50's looks great compared to sex being sold on the porn sites. I have no problem with attractive consenting adults who show some personality and who treat each other decently having sex on camera but that is one one hundreth of what is out there. The 50's version of sex looks pretty great compared to pornhub.
April 7, 2009 10:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
I think that this idealized version of the '50s we keep referring to and certain kinds of pornography are two opposite extremes on the same continuum. It's definitely possible to find a healthy middle ground.
April 7, 2009 10:38 PM | Reply | Permalink
Teenage pregnancy was, despite its lack of visibility, at an all-time high in the 50s. It was invisible because the girls who "count"---white, middle class---were either married off when they got pregnant or sent away to homes where their babies were taken from them whether they consented or not. No husband, no baby.
April 7, 2009 10:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
April 7, 2009 12:18 PM | Reply | Permalink
I didn't think it was true either, but I was curious so I looked it up. Turns out it is true. Go to http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/05/1/gr050107.html to see the numbers.
Apparently the numbers were declining pretty substantially from a high in about 1958 or so until the 1980s when they started going up. In the 1990s they started going down again. Overall the rate is about half of what it was in the late 1950's.
April 7, 2009 1:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
Actually, the Guttmacher figures show birthrate among unmarried teens at a low of about 12 per thousand in the late '50s (it hit 80 per thousand in 2000). The high teen-age birthrate reflected an age when most young people were married right out of high school, and were parents at 19. ...Bourgeois socio-economic flippety-poop notwithstanding.
April 7, 2009 1:27 PM | Reply | Permalink
Curt,
I think that that is a very good point that most of the people trashing the 50s would like to overlook.
April 7, 2009 7:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
Now that's interesting!!!! I didn't expect that. Sort of confirms my intuition about the glorious "conservative" past. Never bought into the line about people experiencing moral decline when it came to sex.
April 7, 2009 3:15 PM | Reply | Permalink
Can you cite credible data on the 50's whose sponsor doesn't have a conflict of interest? You're just wagging supposition onto supposition about a period in which you were not even alive. Data sure would help to make you seem credible.
It's easier for abortion clinics to make money off abortion if women who get pregnant feel horrified at the stereotype you've created for them here should they (1) be young (2) want to be attractive (3) want to marry (4) and happen to be born white.
Your lobby basically wants to make children unfashionable so that more young women who are swayed by your propaganda will allow a team of people with sharp instruments inside of their wombs to prevent the terrible stereotype from coming true about them. Oh no!
Horror of horrors, in the 50s and after, human beings have kept up with their mating norms and rituals, what they consider attractive, virtuous, quality and so on. You attack these goods as if they were the same thing as the prejudices that unnecessarily grow out of them.
You speak as if it is a bad thing that purity should be an ideal for anyone. Yet it is exactly ideals that help human beings keep their more destructive passions in check. Libertines don't get that. Never have. And for those invested in businesses that count on impurity and nihilism to make money, the stable nuclear heterosexual family is an affront. But of course.
And so, without any real data, and broad brush judgments flying, you pretend to be an authority. Only a publisher engaging in intellectual handouts to a fellow partisan would publish this kind of thing.
This kind of book and faux-feminism is exactly the kind of thing concocted by urbanites who don't understand what built this country.
April 7, 2009 4:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
It seems like this anti-purity campaign is about destroying the courting, marriage and mating rituals of the majority in this country. Why? What will you replace it with?
April 7, 2009 5:49 PM | Reply | Permalink
It seems like this anti-purity campaign is about destroying the courting, marriage and mating rituals of the majority in this country.
Why does it seem that way to you, Mike? I'm not getting that at all. And do you have any data to support the assertion that the majority of people in this country marry as virgins? I haven't researched this, but that idea sounds preposterous to me.
April 8, 2009 9:50 PM | Reply | Permalink
And of course, illegal abortion.
April 7, 2009 10:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
"The idealized virgin of the virginity movement is the most valuable woman in our culture in terms of her attributes. White, young, affluent, pretty, educated, sexually desirable, and available, she represents a set of characteristics that are, frankly, aspirational by normative standards. "Upscale" has many faces, and one of them is hers."
So this whole conversation is mostly just sour grapes in a competition between alpha girls?
Now it makes sense...sort of.
April 7, 2009 10:36 AM | Reply | Permalink
I think we may want to attend to the difference between the social promotion of mere chastity and the social promotion of virginity.
The promotion of chastity seems understandable as an extension of bourgeois social and economic values, and the bourgeois virtues of personal and social responsibility that go with them. People have many plans for their children, some selfish and some selfless, and those children develop plans for themselves. In our society, many of those plans require a fairly disciplined pursuit of long-term goals, and a long course of time-demanding education and initial career training. Early pregnancy, early parenthood, early marriage, and the emotional distractions of turbulent and entangling sexual love affairs don't fit into those plans very well.
In addition, the conditions of single motherhood, or of premature family life among couples who are economically unprepared for it, are frequently seen as socially parasitical and irresponsible. That adds a social and ethical dimension to the prudential concern concern with long-term self-interest.
"Hook-up culture" is itself one manifestation of these social values. This culture promotes sexual pleasure without emotional baggage, and sensual liberty with reproductive and contraceptive responsibility, so delayed career and family decisions can be combined with the relatively low-risk pursuit of pleasure.
One difference between the liberal and conservative manifestations of the same social values is in the attitudes toward pleasure itself. The more pessimistic conservative outlook sees life as hard, and demanding of tremendous sacrifice, with limited opportunities for sensory pleasure - especially for women, who will be expected to live their lives entirely for their children. Developing a taste for sensory pleasure will only lead to disappointment, frustration and unrealistic expectations. Liberals tend to assume more optimistically that life's demands can be combined in a harmonious way with the pursuit of pleasure.
The promotion of virginity-as-purity seems to have somewhat different roots than the promotion of mere chastity. I suppose virginity could just be seen as "extreme chastity". But the "purity" dimension add something different. It goes back to older concerns that sexual activity itself leads to the individual being polluted and rendered unclean. I think this attitude probably has ancient roots in fear of disease, concerns with hygiene, and related anxieties about caste and clan exclusivity, ritual cleanliness, pollution by others, etc.
April 7, 2009 10:40 AM | Reply | Permalink
This is the only part of this that I disagree with. I think it is true that single motherhood among teens is seen as irresponsible - because it is. But single motherhood as a choice for adult women is not seen that way. And as for couples, I am not aware of any social stigma attached to couples who marry and start a family relatively early (say, in their early 20s). It's just become a lot rarer than it used to be, especially among the educated. My mother and father were 20 and 23 respectively when they married and that was exactly the norm in the early 1960s. Now the average is 24 for women and 27 for men I believe.
April 7, 2009 1:28 PM | Reply | Permalink
Yes, to be clearer, I don't think the stigma attaches to people who marry young so much as to those who marry before they have developed a means of supporting themselves.
April 7, 2009 3:07 PM | Reply | Permalink
This entire issue can be summed up by the focus of "better then". It is dependent on a comparison of how one is "better then" another. The "best" characterization of a woman is the one who has never experienced sex. She is superior to other females. This is how the Christian Fascists, and other elitist religious sub-cultures justify their condescending attitude towards others, by creating this myth of "better then". When we agree to this description, we are co-conspirators in the denigration of women as a sex object, unable to express herself freely, independent of others. She has to ask what others would think if she was to have sex with someone, even herself, in some circles.
These Christian Fascists insist they have a right to voice an opinion about another's sexual activity. This practice is still pervasive and, IMHO, it is unfortunate. What was revealed when Bristol's pregnancy was announced, was that the Christians were all to willing to throw these useless principles away because they did not serve them and their political cause. This is the reality in America today and why we need to take make sure people notice this. The abandonment of their Christian priciples is hypocritical, if they insist that they have them. The leadership is all to willing to put politics ahead of principles which means they have no principles at all.
This is where the Left gets caught. We need to ensure the debate is not about Bristol becoming pregant, but about the lack of honesty and lack of any grip on reality that the Christian Fascists maintain. One day they are against teen pregnancy, the next day they worship Bristol and Sarah for accepting the child, and the next day, it's all about virginity again.
Let's stop the social stigmatization and get out of other people's bedrooms, or back seats, as the case may be. I was not irritated that Bristol became pregnant, I was insulted by the supposition I was stupid and could bear to listen to Sarah's preaching against sex education when she had clearly failed, in her own life, and in the life of her daughter. I was particularly irritated when Sarah felt compelled to interrupt an interview of Bristol to tell us what Bristol meant to say. I felt Bristol had already said what she meant. She's a mother now and whether she is 18 or not, she can speak for herself.
April 7, 2009 2:25 PM | Reply | Permalink
I don't know what your data and your research show, but I find it stunning that "True Love Waits" and the virginity movement in general are described as a primarily middle class phenomenon. Perhaps the ideal that is held up by the movement is an image of a middle class young woman -- but many poor and working class young women that I grew up with (in the 1990s) were sincerely committed to the Christian morality of "waiting until marriage." If anything, the more affluent middle class kids had parents who fostered a more liberal attitude toward sexuality, emphasizing safe sex and such.
Why is it that you assume that everyone involved in the True Love Waits culture is subscribing to some sort of delusional middle class ideal? You write that the idealized virgin "represents a set of characteristics that are, frankly, aspirational by normative standards." What is aspirational, in class terms, about believing that God wants you to remain chaste until marriage, or that "waiting" will make the act of sex more meaningful? I'm the first person to say that abstinence-only education is nonsense and that the majority of young people (not just women, by the way) who aspire to chastity will end up breaking their vows, sexual desire being what it is. But I just feel like you're not giving the people involved in this culture enough credit for making their own choices and having their own beliefs. Is it impossible that poor young women might embrace the idea of postponing intercourse as a matter of personal conviction, regardless of race or class? Deriding people for for conforming to bourgeois notions of sexuality seems to disregard the fact that religious feeling itself is at least as strong a determinant as class status, and that people (male and female) might actually make their own choices.
April 7, 2009 10:08 PM | Reply | Permalink
Great post! I especially agree with #1 - I know I keep bringing this up, but I can totally see that in Indian culture as well. Makes perfect sense, actually - women are definitely bargaining chips in the caste system (it may be abolished, but the societal impact and structure is still there).
As for #2 - yeah, that "Leave it to Beaver"/"Pleasantville"-before-Tobey-Maguire-screwed-everything-up sort of society scares the living crap out of me.
I haven't finished reading the book yet, so I'm not sure if Jessica delves more deeply into this, but as a woman of color, the intertwining of race and expectations of virginity is fascinating to me. I agree with the assertion that non-white is pretty much automatically non-virginal, but it'd be good to see some more discussion on why...
April 7, 2009 10:34 PM | Reply | Permalink
Well, I'm glad that I'm not in a position to obsess whether I'll be accepted based on whether I kiss up to this virginity model any more. (As if I ever was!) Not that balancing acceptance by society and myself is trivial.
So while it seems awfully sterile a concept (at best), I have a terribly hard time understanding why I should get in the middle of a parent's raising a child, especially if the child really *wants* to be conformist to be accepted. This latter seems especially likely, given that her parents have given acceptance conditional on her rejecting her own emotions out of hand. I think that the conditional love is a necessary precondition for this becoming a mess, actually the root cause, and quite independent harm regardless of whether the parents promote this particular path to goodness.
So the virginity track seems more of a symptom than a cause. What can I, as a concerned Liberal, do to re-focus people on the root problem?
April 8, 2009 12:27 AM | Reply | Permalink