Post-1968 Civil Rights Movement: Complex and Combative
The aftermath of MLK's assassination, in most conventional accounts of the Civil Rights Movement signaled its deathknell as a national movement. In this interpretation, King's call for multi-racial democracy was replaced by the angry polemics of gun-toting Black Power era militants who practiced politics without portfolio and successfully inspired an electoral realignment in the form of white backlash.
But such a perspective diminishes the complexity of both King and the Civil Rights-Black Power Movements. Michael Honey's definitive account of King's Poor People's Campaign, Going Down Jericho Road, poignantly illustrates the depth of criticism levied against King by liberals, conservatives, and some radicals during his final days. Put more bluntly, King was not considered a popular civil rights leader in many quarters by 1968.
Conservative columnists such as Evans and Novack practically accused him of forming a subversive alliance with Stokely Carmichael. In the aftermath of MLK's assassination, Black Power activism (in the form of movements for Black Studies, the Black Arts, and black elected power) actually increased. While popularly remembered for the words of fire spoken by iconic militants, at the local level Black Power took shape in thousands of municipal struggles for tenants and welfare rights, community control of schools, campaigns for open housing, and a quest to build practical alliances at the local, regional, national, and global level.
In many instances, especially at the local level, activists straddled the politics of Civil Rights and Black Power after King's death, most notably Jesse Jackson, who appeared at the 1972 National Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana sporting a colorful African dashiki and a huge medallion of MLK around his neck.
In short, following King's assassination the CRM grew more complex, combative, and harder to follow for those seeking an easily digestible cast of character for future historical narratives.


















And that desire for the "digestible" and acceptable cast of black leaders continues. In a previous post, Clay Risen suggests that Ralph Abernathy (and Jackson among others) "was no King." Today, Jackson, Sharpton are cast as camera-hogging rabble-rousers who won't work with the "establishment."
Also, the civil rights movement is portrayed as a single point in time with a starting and ending point, and not as an ever-evolving struggle, with peaks and valleys, periods where it moves from the background of "mainstream" consciousness to the foreground and recedes again.
(Thanks for weighing in. I'd enjoy seeing your take on Kahlenberg's pieces as well as Risen's other entries.)
April 2, 2009 11:26 AM | Reply | Permalink
While it's true that the media has cast Al Sharpton as somewhat sleazy, he has a lot of street cred in New York City even among whites. New Yorkers like people who don't take shit.
April 2, 2009 12:14 PM | Reply | Permalink
Spike Lee's Malcolm X offers something of a greater perspective. A movie can't take the place of historical studies, but for many young people movies are often an entry into history.
April 2, 2009 11:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
Beyond digestability even, I think the centrality of Dr. King in the popular conception of the civil rights movement(s), and even among historians, suggests our unhealthy tendency to view history through "great man" frameworks. Great men may make for more captivating stories, but they seldom make for more informative ones.
Your point about the civil rights movement turning towards more local and economic struggles is valuable. Expanding on that, I see the post-1968 civil rights movement fracturing not so much into separatist/establishmentarian camps as into many parallel movements -- for gay rights, women's rights, etc. -- none of them having national leaders with the stature of King, but all engaging in struggle at the local, regional and national levels based on the same fundamental moral rationale -- that we are created equal and equally entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We must remember that the movement in its heyday was a multiracial one for equality and human dignity, and that its success in advancing recognition of African-Americans as full citizens and human beings dynamited not just segregation but the entire dam of privilege in America.
April 2, 2009 12:34 PM | Reply | Permalink
I wonder if, looking back, we will see the fragmentation of the civil rights movement during those days as one of the greater American tragedies. King was beginning to tie issues of race, class, education, war, and corporate dominance together into something that was both viewed as extremely subversive by those who opposed him, and something unique in the American experience, a (more or less) united coalition of those who were on the short end of things finding the ways to use the means of the system to reshape it.
Ever since, the upper classes have practiced, sadly, with a fair measure of success, a divide-and-rule approach. And the real sadness comes when I see that progressives have, to a great extent, internalized that. We are now largely set against each other in a welter of competing interests, taking the silo approach rather than the wide-field view. This must change.
I don't know how to effect that change, though I do see the need for it.
April 2, 2009 12:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
Having someone like Dr. King to weave together a greater narrative certainly helps, but you can't count on a once-in-a-generation messenger. These various movements for equality muddled through the '70s and '80s and '90s, weathering a fierce backlash and remaking our society. Think back to where all this stuff was even 20 years ago. It's mind-blowing how far we've come. That's a large part of the significance of the recent election -- the proponents of backlash politics might as well be speaking another language, for all most people under 40 can tell. And it's all the obscure local struggles and anonymous small town organizers and activists that have gotten us here, far more than the few boldface names in whom these movements were represented in the national imagination (which is to say the news media and popular entertainment).
April 2, 2009 12:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
It would be difficult to see the "fragmentation" of the civil rights movement as a tragedy. To do so one would have to think that there was some unified movement to fragment. As I read that history it was never unified and was an uneasy coalition of interests for decades.
April 2, 2009 12:56 PM | Reply | Permalink
During the long lead up to the Civil Rights Movement we associate with King -- it was fully understood it had to be a national movement, given that the goals were things only Federal Courts and then Congress could do. It was only the Supreme Court that could undo Plessy v. Fergeson, with Brown v. Board. It was only Congress that could incorporate matters such as public accomodations into Interstate Commerce Law, and ultimately it was Congress that had to do Voter Rights -- essentially enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments. By 1965 the National Movement had such accomplishments in hand -- there clearly needed to be a residual National Movement to follow up, respond to efforts to undo gains, but after the mid 60's, real change actually was more a matter of state and local issues, movements and leadership. Electing Blacks to City Councils, to School Boards, and then taking up particular issues was not really the business of a National Movement...nor was the King National Movement Style particularly useful to these more local movements.
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