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A Personal Note

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First, my apologies for taking up a disproportionate amount of space at the TPM Cafe Book Club. I've been hoping for more entries by others, but I do have one more commentary, which is the following.

In 1964, at the age of 19, I was a civil rights worker in Clarksdale, Mississippi. It was the Mississippi Freedom Summer, and I taught teenagers in a small Freedom School. Our school was a back-up plan, adopted because the voter registration effort had failed; about 100 people had tried to register at the courthouse, but only about ten were accepted.

We wanted to teach black history at the school--a subject we (another young woman from the North and I) were rapidly trying to learn ourselves. We did, however, ask the students what they would really enjoy studying, and the most popular choice was French. I interpreted that choice as a yearning for something outside the constraints of a segregated Mississippi town--a desire that W. E. B. Du Bois would have approved of.

I "discovered" W. E. B. Du Bois in my effort to learn black history. I got the impression that his writings had been neglected or even suppressed, possibly because he became a Communist at some time in his life.

But I have wracked my brain to remember whether Booker T. Washington ever came up in discussions that summer.

I don't think so. The Freedom Summer was about nonviolent protest and about youth. As the name implies, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was composed of young people, although the revered Bob Moses was a bit older.

If we had thought about Booker T. Washington, it would have been as a relic of the past. Indeed, even Aaron Henry, who headed the NAACP in Mississippi, was viewed as part of the "old guard"--his heroic efforts undoubtedly underappreciated by young people. A different era was dawning, even in Mississippi. It was an era that would change the South forever.

I would like to conclude my comments by saying that I learned a lot from Norrell's book about Booker T. Washington, and I appreciate Luker's point that all received wisdom needs to be reexamined from time to time.

With a few possible exceptions, Norrell, Luker, and Lowndes are looking at the same set of facts, but their interpretations differ. Perhaps it is impossible to separate the interpretation of history from assumptions that reflect one's personal experience. And perhaps those assumptions, based on experience, offer insights that help the writing of history to progress. Even those, like me, who merely read rather than write history books, need to keep thinking, and re-thinking, about the past. Thanks to TalkingPointsMemo.com for allowing me to do so this week.



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But I have wracked my brain to remember whether Booker T. Washington ever came up in discussions that summer. I don't think so.

I'm not sure I understand. As a Freedom School teacher, you must have had some input in the classroom curriculum. Are you saying that Booker T. Washington, certainly one of the most prominent African Americans in his time, was simply overlooked? Was that deliberate? Did it reflect the political precepts of the umbrella organizations that set up the Freedom Schools? (I understand COFO was one.) Although you and SNCC may have considered him a "relic of the past", was that justification to edit him out of classroom discussion? That, to me, seems very close to neglect and suppression.

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You make a very telling comment, and I'm afraid I don't have a good answer. I don't think that we talked about Booker T. Washington. However, the curriculum was pretty much what we put together ourselves and yes, I think we ignored him.(By the way, COFO was the overarching organization for the Freedom Summer; that's what Bob Moses headed, I believe.)

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The entire curriculum and history of the Mississippi Freedom Schools is available online at Education and Democracy.

An excerpt:

Everything about the Freedom schools was fluid in order to link the reality of the students’ lives to the goal of social and economic justice for all. The teachers taught whatever was needed and requested by the students, from typing to French. They were encouraged to modify the curriculum as needed, but to stick with the question and answer method. “The paper curriculum that Alice and I had produced was for the most part set aside as teachers improvised: writing school newspapers, typing, French, and poetry were among the most popular subjects,” wrote [Staughton] Lynd later.[18] The actual experience of the Freedom Schools was created by students and teachers in active and often spontaneous collaboration. As lawyer and summer volunteer Len Holt stated:

"From the beginning, the schools were a challenge to the insistent principle that everyone had talked about so much: flexibility. Where the initial plans had been for only the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades, one found sitting in the informal circles youngsters with the smooth black faces and wondering eyes of the impish faces of nine and ten who were mere fifth-graders. Flexibility. And there just behind teen-aged boys—with slender, cotton-picking muscles—were sets of gnarled hands and the care-chiseled faces of grandmothers, some of whom said they thought they were in the seventies (birth records for the old are almost non-existent). Flexibility."[19]

And the University of Southern Mississippi's Digital Collection of Freedom Summer contains photographs, letters, journals, diaries and more from local citizens and freedom workers during that long, hot summer. Rather chilling (because we know what happened and at the time he didn't) is the June 26th letter from Matthew Zwerling in Clarksdale to his parents in New York where he expresses concern about his friend Andrew Goodman who had gone missing just a few days before Zwerling arrived. The bodies of Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner were found murdered in Philadelphia, MS.

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I'm inspired to look into the Freedom Schools from this exchange. I taught in a DC high school (Cardozo High) around the same time for a brief period, in a project that was aimed at training teachers for inner city schools. We developed a lot of curriculum in social studies that was aimed at teaching thinking skills with "relevant" material. We were liberals, not radicals, and were working in the DC system. Booker T. Washington was very much out of fashion (an Uncle Tom) then while WEB DuBois was in as a forefather of the Civil Rights Movement during what some of us were calling the Second Reconstruction. Little did we realize how apt that term was, but then, it seemed that all things were possible. We even used slavery as subject matter for developing skills. The idea that white kids could teach black kids about black history was accepted, actually, with pretty good humor on the part of our students.

Anyway, I found the material on Booker T. here pretty interesting reading in the light of subsequent events, from the standpoint of how much things have changed and how little. And every time I think seriously about these affairs, I think, "Oh, had Lincoln lived!"

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It's Sunday night, and I don't know if anyone will be reading this, but I do appreciate all the comments. Thank you, Jade, for finding the description of the Freedom School curriculum and for your other comments, too, which I have thought about quite a bit. Even at my age, I have a lot to learn! I remember Matt Zwerling. He must have been, like me, in the second group, which arrived a week after the first. While we were still in Ohio, we learned that the three young men were missing. The COFO leaders, including the wife of one of the young men (Andrew Goodman, I think), seemed certain that they were dead. I was surprised that they could be so sure, so soon, but I was very naive.

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