How Strong Is Our Constitutionalism in the Face of Fear?

I share Matt and Rachel's enthusiasm for Mike's writing, but bring a little more skepticism to the idea that our own constitutionalism is so strong that we are safely inoculated from an individual or small cabal coming to power through demagoguery. Here's why: a set of socio-cultural trends at home that have made the hill steeper for demagogues to climb have also, I think, undercut the foundations of our constitutionalism. I'll focus on the domestic questions here and take up the issue of democracy promotion in a subsequent post.
Matt asks a question that Mike also discusses in some detail in the book: why don't demagogues do better in American society? I want to suggest some societal changes that have taken place since the days of Father Coughlin and Joe McCarthy.
First is the 24-hour media cycle. Just ask yourself how ridiculous either gentleman would have looked exposed to constant media scrutiny, instead of able to manage and control the media (indeed, as FDR and JFK did) in ways the moderns can only envy.
Second is the splintering of our culture. It's a much higher barrier than it used to be to be so newsworthy that everyone sees you, whether they're looking at Univision or HuffingtonPost or Fox -- and getting over that barrier requires certain level of attractiveness that would weed out many of the demagogic figures we know from history.
Third is the level of cynicism about public figures and politicians in general, much higher than it was in the past.
So, you might think those trends are great for the future of constitutionalism. But they have also, I think, imposed significant decay on our culture of citizenship -- something Rachel alludes to and I want to tease out. We're more isolated (see Bowling Alone and Robert Putnam's other work); more cynical, less likely to vote, volunteer and participate in local government, all of which are important foundations of an engaged constitutional culture.
And there's something else: we're much more vulnerable to fear than we were a century ago. Peter Stearns, Provost of George Mason University, has written a wonderful book called American Fear, comparing the historical record of how Americans dealt collectively with Pearl Harbor and other traumas to 9-11. He tracks several categories in which our tendency to experience disempowering, overwhelming fear has gone way up, and tracks some of it to the traumatizing effects of the 24-hour media culture I mentioned. How many times was it really necessary to see the space shuttle blow up or those shots from the Virginia Tech campus?
Why is this relevant? Because fear shuts down human beings' rational brains -- our brains literally can't process fear-generated fight-or-flight messages and rational analysis at the same time. Fear, the neuroscientists also tell us reliably, makes human beings more focused on in-groups, more prone to violence... in other words, more vulnerable to demagogues.
We saw in some of our nation's post-9-11 experiences that we were very vulnerable to the amassing of unprecedented power in a small number of hands, as long as those hands came out and told us regularly that we had lots to be scared of but they were keeping us safe. It's not the same thing as the specific, classic form of demagoguery that Mike so elegantly traces. But it's a serious concern. We can address it by expanding our understanding of civic education to include education on how to build resilience and community -- or, if you like, a polis -- in the Internet age. Barack Obama's on-line community is a great start, but it's only a start.

















Unacquainted as the present keyboard is with both brain science and rocket surgery, it (the keyboard) may have entirely the wrong idea of what the Busheviki were really up to.
Nevertheless, it did seem rather clear at the time that the power-grabbin’ centered around Neocomrade R. B. Cheney operated on a "just in case" basis: the self-terrorized bozos did not have any particular idea what to DO with the powers they grabbed, they mostly just figured they might possibly come in handy some day.
Plus of course it is bound to seem fit and proper to our Harvard Victory School MBA gentry that the Executive Branch should hog all the power in sight, as bein’ obviously the only branch that knows what to do with it.
’Twas all very deplorable, but not exactly ‘demagogy’.
Happy days.
February 26, 2009 10:37 AM | Reply | Permalink
Someone who gets it...
February 26, 2009 11:57 AM | Reply | Permalink
I think you come close to putting your finger on an important phenomenon regarding fear. However, I think the use of the word "we" is too broad. If you are referring to the people generally I think the term misapplied.
There were a sizable number of people (and sometimes small majorities) who were frightened by the 9/11 attacks to the point of being scared into doing some things they wouldn't otherwise have done. A significant number to be sure, succumbed to the incessant terror talk of the talking heads and the efforts of the Republican Party to scare people into submission. But I firmly believe the fear lay primarily with our elites and not with the average citizen whose life was virtually unaffected unless he/she had to get on an airplane. I also believe that the fear factor on the east coast was much, much greater for obvious and understandable reasons.
As a resident of "flyover country" I was literally, from day one, appalled at the transparent cowardice of our government and media leaders in response to 9/11. I know I wasn't the only one. Starting with the knee jerk on-air pronouncements by media and government figures about the necessity now of restricting liberty and how "the world has changed" that was going on before both towers had even fallen, our elites were in a panic. The common people were concerned, confused, and in shock, but people were not so terrified they were in a panic about what had occured. After hiding all day like the coward he is, it was apparent that night in his speech that Bush was scared and shaken. That all of our nation's elite leadership followed suit was undignified and unnecessary in my opinion.
But that highlights the real problem with counting on constitutionalism to protect us from demagoguery in this day and age which is the failure of our leaders (Congressional leaders in this case) to do anything within their constitutional authority to block the unwise and often illegal activities of the Bush administration after 9/11. Bush repeatedly used demagoguery to the hilt to bully and intimidate the handful of people who were in a position to use their constitutional authority to stop their irresopnsible power grabbing and overstepping of their constitutional bounds. The Democrats, sadly, failed to do their job in opposing much of the Bush program that critics knew very well would end up just as it has: in disaster.
The failure of Democrats in the Congress to use their constitutional authority to block the illegal and immoral invasion of Iraq is just the most glaring example of how their pussilanimity rendered constitutionalism nearly useless. Senate Democrats particularly failed to do their constitutional duty with respect to authorizing the Iraq war and we all know it was out of fear of electoral consequences and the White House led Republican Party using an anti-war vote against them in the elections that fall. The constitution itself did not fail us, but constitutionalism did not work in that instance and look at the horrendous consequences that have resulted. Even if the Iraq invasion had been legal, it was certainly and clearly inadvisable and should have been opposed on those grounds alone. Democrats had the constituional power. Because of their temerity it may as well not have existed.
The majority of people at most times since 9/11 have not been filled with or motivated by fear as the chattering classes like to portray circumstances unlike our leaders and the elite classes who failed us all round. Personally, I see their failure of leadership in response to 9/11 as just another aspect of their overall loss of credibility that is now apparent as we deal with the consequences of the complete failure of the economic leadership of the nation whose unending greed so irresponsibly destabilized the economy and led to the economic catastrophe we now find ourselves in.
February 26, 2009 11:21 AM | Reply | Permalink
Excellent, Oleeb. It wasn't just their fear, it was their lack of courage that truly failed us.
February 26, 2009 12:03 PM | Reply | Permalink
A couple strategic plane crashes and some dust in the mail envelopes kind of does that to you.
February 26, 2009 10:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
Not Very.
Fear made our congress, at the behest of our finacial regulators, change our banking laws last September / October in a way that granted wide legal and formal authority to transfer private investment risk and debt to taxpayers. In so doing we crossed a major threshold from democarcy to socialism.
You can't undo this nor can you ignore the meaning. All because of a fear of failure. A completely normal part of the human condition.
Natural political evolution states that after democracy comes socialism. It would seem we are right on schedule. All aboard.
February 26, 2009 11:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
Ms. Hurlburt, I am a fan. Thanks for your contrubution.
For those at TPMC who are not aware of the sight, Ms. Hurlburt has a converstion up right now at Bloggingheads TV debating with Eli Lake.
February 26, 2009 2:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
I think that it is not only news shows that spread fear among the American populice but popular entertainment as well. There seems to be a neverendung wave of crime shows on the major networks which are basically stating that your next door neighbor may have committed a criminal act.These crime shows have cops, who do not seem to respect the constitution, because it is necessary for the criminals to be caught. Then there is always "24" that shows terrorists hidden in every corner and that we need to torture them in order to protect America. When Obama talked about the culture of reponsibility it needs to include the networks and the cable tv stations in the content that they put on the air. I'm not for censorship but people need to remind those in the entertainment industry that some of these products that they produce maybe harmful to the civic culture of the United States.
February 26, 2009 7:13 PM | Reply | Permalink
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March 23, 2011 9:37 AM | Reply | Permalink