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Postwar Recovery and Unpaid Female Labor

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How does the massive expansion of the public sector in the aftermath of WWII "prove" the secular stagnationists wrong? "Once there was full employment .."

Full employment was not conjured out of a magician's hat. It was the result of deliberate growth of the public sector. How to kill one bird with two stones.

Exclude women from employment and build suburbs. Use the GI Bill to help veterans buy houses. Suburban housing creates commuters. Commuters need highways. Highways create demand for giant gas guzzling cars with fins (and those very cool glow-in-the-dark space ship dashboards). All those houses need refrigerators, dishwashers, washers, dryers, and vacuum cleaners and a mind-boggling array of NEW! IMPROVED! cleaning products.

This labor saving domestic technology (all of which was built in factories that didn't employ women) wouldn't have been worth a hill of beans absent the kind, tender ministrations of an ever present, always loving mom. "The post-war baby boom might have helped perk up deMANd." Yep.

Women's captivity in the home--and the billions of dollars of unpaid labor they did there--had everything to do with "why World War II worked." Are you suggesting that without these developments--without these policies--the economy would have reached the full-employment that allowed all that catching up?


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OK. The cars with tail fins occurred in the 1957 model year. My dad bought one. That's not a good example. The economy had been is pretty good shape for nearly a decade by then. But that's quibbling with your literary reference, not disagreeing with your overall idea.

The government had made it a policy to maintain full employment, as I recall, and that worked pretty well.

OK. You are saying that women were actively removed from the economy starting when most of the 8.5 million servicemen were discharged, and not recalled into economic service until after family income growth stalled starting 1970. That stall-out in family income growth forced second household members into the work force and has kept them there ever since.

Just wondering - was there an economic reason for the end of the baby boom in the 1960's? Or a federal policy reason?

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Yes! It is so refreshing to see actual history referred to instead of mythical history used as an analogy! "Secular stagnation" didn't happen because it was government policy that it wouldn't happen, not because of anything wrong with the theory. World War II also "worked" because it was followed by World War III, A.K.A. "the Cold War". Those Interstate Highways commuters used to get home to their appliance-packed Levittowns were built in the name of national security -- as was new math and science education after Sputnik.

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Hi Richardxx

Not policy. Just the world changing, epoch making technology of birth control.

1961. Poe v. Ullman, in which the US Supreme Court refused to hear a case about the rights of married couples in CT to contraceptives.

1965. Griswold v. CT, in which the Supreme Court upheld rights of married couples (in every state) to contraception.

Lots of boom. Fewer babies. And for the first time in history women had the possibility of enjoying sex without risking pregnancy.

The personal is political.

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"all of which was built in factories that didn't employ women"

This statement is simply not factual. It is far too broad a generalization. Further, while it is true that many women left the workplace after the war and "went home" there were many more who did not. Why? Well, for one thing, most of the women who worked (like most of the men) had no choice in the matter. They either worked or the rent didn't get paid.

There were millions of people (and still are by the way), none of whom, regardless of gender, had any choice at all about whether or not to work regardless of the policy choices that were made to create suburbia, etc... Your tone and the thrust of your comments make it appear as though women only worked during WWII and then everyone quit once the war was won. That is true for a portion of the workforce but not all of it.

Additionally, prior to WWII and even WWI vast numbers of women worked. What about the girls of Lowell? What about all the Irish maids and other domestics? What about all textile workers nationwide who belonged to the ILGWU and the girls and women who made shoes all over the country? What about the immigrants who suffered in the sweat shops of New England and New York? What about the poor women (black and white) of the south whose toil in the fields began in the 18th Century? All of the farm women of America worked brutal hours as partners with their farmer husbands trying to scratch a living out of the earth. But of course, these were the poor, the common people who don't make headlines unless they cause problems so they don't get much notice in the narrative you are reciting. The main focus of the particular point of view you seem to come from is very much focused on the middle and upper middle classes. It barely notices the poor and working classes who worked or starved. That's a serious flaw in the anlysis if you ask me, albeit not at all uncommon.

I don't know about you, but at least two of my great-grandmother's, my paternal grandmother, my maternal grandmother, all her sisters (3 of them), my mother and all her female first cousins (there were 5 of them) worked from at least the moment they left school and some of them began working before leaving school. All of them had jobs outside the home their entire lives. They did whatever they had to do to make ends meet. I know this was true for a huge number of families in the past century. By way of illustration my maternal grandmother was a florist, her eldest sister worked for the local newspaper, another was the town postmaster, and the final sister was a book-keeper most of her life and spent her later years working in a bank as a teller.

While I don't disagree with the basic points you're making, I do think they would carry more weight if they weren't so dogmatic with respect to a certain strain of rhetoric and exaggerated claims.

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I should not have written "many more who did not". It should have been "many who did not". Sorry for the mistake.

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Hello oleeb

Women who were working in the hi-skill, hi-pay sectors of the war machine were systematically fired. Few unions were sympathetic, even when women war-time workers had played key roles in organizing.

Of course there were women who were in the post war work force. The Victorian Ideal of the male-breadwinner/female-caretaker household was never a reality for everyone.

Nevertheless, the post War story is that women were driven out of well paid employment.

Remember the story about the man who checks his watch toward the end of a meeting and then excuses himself to go get the kids? His colleagues congratulate him on being a great dad. A woman does the same thing and her colleagues shake their heads because she's not serious about her career.

Writing forcefully about women and the economy is dogmatic. Writing forcefully about the economy (leaving out gender) is analysis.

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Your statement about the factories was, as I said, simply untrue and an exageration. You failed to acknowledge that in your response.

I have no objection to writing forcefully about about women or anything else. It is no longer a defense, in my opinion, to hide behind that tired claim when you are adhering to an orthodoxy or dogma that advances your ideological agenda in a way that is satisfying to you but that is a distortion of reality that you prefer. I don't deny in any way that your basic points are valid or correct. But exagerated claims weaken your case. They aren't forceful. They're simply not accurate.

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Hi,
I seem to remember a Dick Cavett documentary showing the propaganda films used to get women into factories at the beginning of WW2 and propaganda films after the war to get them out of the factories and into those new suburbs. Rosie the Riveter with that buffed up bootie in those bib overalls got magically transformed into June Cleaver.. soon to follow, Martini's and Mothers little helpers. Blame it on those Rollin Stones...

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Of course there were women who were in the post war work force. The Victorian Ideal of the male-breadwinner/female-caretaker household was never a reality for everyone.

Then what's your point?

The option to firing women and hiring men post-WWII would be to discharge millions of men, trained in warfare, to idle, frustrated unemployment in an economy that struggled in the late-'40s. Women did not recoil in collective horror at the idea of becoming housewives; it's what their mothers and grandmothers had done, and was a tradition that had evolved over many, many decades. Applying an instant moral appraisal here is shortsighted and deficient. In the working class, a woman's role in the home included managing the family economy and planning its schedule of work and (very limited) play; her role was much more profound than it's now fashionably portrayed. Husbands brought home a paycheck that was shared by and invested in the entire household. That was the way most Americans had to live at the time; they had very little "disposable income" to squander.

The constant charge of victimization has warped and distorted a complicated social process. The dogma is tired, old and discredited. Why does the left always fumble on subjects like this - proffering the lifestyle and constrictions of the elite as common among millions of Americans whose central intention was to provide the best they could for their children.

And try living without refrigerators, dishwashers, washers, dryers, vacuum cleaners and their vast array of accoutrements. I'm sorry, but you sound like someone who grew up with housekeepers and paid help to run those laughably pedestrian appliances.

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Women did not recoil in collective horror at the idea of becoming housewives; it's what their mothers and grandmothers had done, and was a tradition that had evolved over many, many decades.

Baloney. If that had been true, the women wouldn't have needed firing, they would have left gladly. Instead, with the firings came huge marketing campaigns to convince women that they should stay in the home (a little jarring after the marketing campaigns telling them to go work in factories during the war years). In addition to firing, there was the government-sanctioned pay differential between men and women, so that women who stayed in the work force couldn't support their families as well as a man holding the same job. (My mother used to tell the story of the man who replaced her in an entry-level job getting 20% more right off the bat, because "he had a family to support.")

One of the things, though, that all that unpaid labor made possible was civil society as it was known in the 50s and 60s, with lots of community organizing and volunteer work (by both men and women). The dismantling of those parts of the social fabric in subsequent decades has had a really lousy effect on the body politic.

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So... where were the lawsuits, the riots? Where were the endless marches and speeches of mournful defiance a-speakin' truth to power? They're not there, not in the history, paulw. Where are statistics of women laid off and fired - and figures on how many just quit?... Not apocryphal anecdotes of dubious validity, show us some figures. How many of these women, expecting to marry, wanted a house to run? ...As awful as that is by our pompous, hypocritical lights. After all, constant yapping about phantom victims must have something to back it up. This vision of an America of icily remote components – sexual, racial, religious communities that never reacted or related to each other – is hogwash, and reflects the wishful thinking of academia’s chardonnay proletariat than it does any historical reality.

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What's important is that we remember that employing women was not a focus of either the recovery from the Depression or the postwar recovery. Women as a group were expendable--drawn into paid labor when needed, forced out when the need passed. (That some women continued to work is irrelevant--it's the policy with regard to women's employment that matters.) For instance, during the Depression, single women were not eligible for most employment--they were expected to reside with their parents or siblings (and I assume be supported by them).

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Susan,
I enjoyed your post but I'm not sure you could make the claim that Post WWII full employment was the result simply of women going back to the home. After all when they reentered the labor force and achieved parity with men in terms of labor force participation we also had full employment. Women staying in the work force in the same numbers (and I don't know what those are precisely) would have shifted out the supply of labor and thereby reduced wages but we could still have had full employment. If the there was no change in demand. But, increased employment, and income would have led to increased household income and therefore even greater demand for washing machines etc. because they would have made it easier for women to work. Increased aggregate demand would then lead to increased demand for labor. There were restrictions on labor supply in the post war period that included discrimination against Blacks and women, but also included things like the draft. However if you think of these things in there totality, restriction on the growth of the labor force would actually represent a limitation in economic growth. In other words the Post WWII periods high economic growth probably happened in spite of these things rather than because of these things.

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