When the world's in crisis, the rules don't apply

Hi everyone. So, a few words about my new book, The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008.
This is a heavily revised new edition of The Return of Depression Economics, originally published 9 years ago. When I wrote the original version, I had Asia on my mind. Some people looked at the crisis that swept Southeast Asia and at Japan's monetary trap, and saw them as proof of the superiority of the American system. I looked at the same things and saw them as omens. I worried that similar things could happen to us. And now they have.
Right now the world economy is in a nosedive, and understanding what I call "depression economics" -- the weird world you get into when even a zero interest rate isn't low enough, and a messed-up financial system is dragging down the real economy -- is essential if we're going to avoid the worst.
The key thing, when you're in a situation like this, is realizing that normal rules don't apply. Ordinarily we'd welcome an increase in private saving; right now we're living in a world subject to the "paradox of thrift," in which private virtue is public vice. Normally we want to be careful that public funds are spent wisely; right now the crucial thing is that they be spent fast. (John Maynard Keynes once suggested burying bottles of cash in coal mines and letting the private sector dig them up -- not as a real proposal, but as a way of emphasizing the priority of supporting demand.)
The big test for the next few months will be whether policymakers here and abroad can wrap their minds around this Alice-in-Wonderland world. If they can't, nobody knows how deep the rabbit hole goes.

















This is another surprise on this web site. Thank you for your opinion. We all worried about an economic Armageddon.
Your short opinion echoes what I have been hearing from the President-Elect. We are going to need a little luck.
December 15, 2008 3:07 PM | Reply | Permalink
Seems like Bernanke gets it. But I'm worried that if you're right, given how corrupt our system is, spending the money fast is just going to, once again, transfer it from poor to rich people. If we spend quickly without restraint and oversight we will get robbed. That's what's happening with TARP.
December 15, 2008 3:08 PM | Reply | Permalink
This is one of my concerns as well. Will a disproportionate share of the funds go to the contracting/consulting/etc. firms with whom these expenditures are consigned? I think PK's advice is well taken though, in that we need to get the cash out there and these programs rolling sooner rather than later. Perhaps build in penalties for fraudulent or excessive billing/bidding, with right to review the books of these firms.
December 15, 2008 3:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
Paul, I have to ask you. If the point of the $700 billion bailout was to get credit moving (which definitely has not happened), wouldn't it have been better to create a $700 billion fund to directly loan money to businesses, would be car buyers, and others? We could have cut out the middlemen who kept all of the money anyway. Detroit might not be in such dire straits if people could get loans to buy cars.
Every step of the way with this bailout you've supported it while also saying any given step was awful but necessary.
Do you regret not supporting a $700 billion fund from the start, ensuring the money was well spent?
Thanks.
December 15, 2008 3:13 PM | Reply | Permalink
billw--I think I almost agree with you. That would have been a real coup. That would have been a revolution.
December 15, 2008 3:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
Except with a collapsing job market, people re not spending not just because of the wake of the credit crunch, but more so because they are not willing to commit to buying a new car when they are not sure they will have a job next week.
granted it is a somewhat vicious circle and self-fulfilling prophecy, but that is why massive government spending is the counter-cyclical engine that is the only thing that can get the engine cranking the other direction against that dynamic.
Create decent wage, secure jobs, and you create the engine that then injects money into other businesses through that wage-earners spending, which drives up other business, which they then staff up and order to meet that demand, etc.
December 15, 2008 6:01 PM | Reply | Permalink
If peoples' salarys were going up at the same rate the profits made by the businesses they worked for did for the last 8 years, we wouldn't be having this problem. We have 8 years of people playing the housing market to make up the difference between their salarys and their life-styles. That's what we get when the government allows business profits and shareholder equity become the rule of thumb. Unfortunately, we have to feed the beast - business and shareholder equity - to keep this barge from sinking. The problem is ... how do we do it without rewarding those who are responsible for the problem in the first place?
This is a Come to Jesus Meeting.
December 15, 2008 6:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
(Note: the stuff below is kind of half-baked, I have not put enough thought into it yet.)
There's a fundamental dichotomy that, for some reason, not many people have touched upon (none that I have seen) in discussing the value of money. Let's go all the way back to Econ 101 for a moment: supply and demand curves determine the price of items in a free market. This is true of everything, even money. The supply and demand for a given currency determine the value of that currency.
Now let's take a look at the currency, and currency-equivalents, available to two typical players in the Economy Game.
Player 1 is a regular schlub (I might even say "Joe" except that name has been sullied by Joe the Plumber :-) ). His family was earning $30k in 1988, and by 2008—20 years later—his family was bringing in $55k. Unfortunately, that represents about flat-line in real terms, and maybe even a slight decline.
Player 2, on the other hand, is a corporate CEO (or member of that class). His family was earning $300k annually in 1988, and by 2008, they were getting about $15M (not all in cash, much in alternative forms of compensation). His family's income has gone up by a factor of 50, not just-below-2. It's way ahead in real terms.
The "player 1" types have a problem: their currency supply is barely keeping up with demand, if at all. The "player 2" types have an entirely different problem: their currency supply has grown so rapidly, it has outpaced demand handily. The result is that for them, currency has lost much of its value.
Because the "player 2" types are, by and large, the ones who bid on "large scale class" assets such as hedge funds, they had managed to bid the prices associated with these things way into the stratosphere. If something cost 10 times what it "ought to" (from a "player 1" point of view, that is), so what?
The problem is that these two value systems are not actually independent. Eventually, something happens at the interconnection between the two. In this particular case, the main interconnection was somewhere between stock asset prices and housing asset prices. When the absurdity (and unsustainability) of housing price trajectories finally became obvious to everyone, the interconnect broke there.
Because hedge funds created a lot of money (through leveraging) that mostly stayed within the "player 2" system, the biggest chunk of deflation is also happening within the "player 2" system. However, the same money destruction that is causing asset deflation is bleeding into the "player 1" system, through the same interconnects.
(I think this can be used to predict what will happen over the next few years. However, on a fundamental level, what needs to occur is to reflate the economy from the bottom level, in the "player 1" system, as an overall economic expansion is only as solid as its base.)
December 16, 2008 4:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
And don't forget, not just playing the housing market, but alot of people were living on credit...juggling zero balance introductory rate credit card accounts, etc...
December 16, 2008 4:39 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for joining us Paul.
It seems that we are paying an inordinate price for the relentless application of free market dogma. We have been fed a steady diet of 'less government, more markets' for the past thirty odd years. The current crisis has its roots in an unswerving faith in the market's ability to innovate and self-correct.
If you agree with these observations: do you expect textbook economic theory to be revised in light of our experience? Your remedy is heavily Keynesian, but his ideas are hardly popular in standard economic classes.
Also: are you disappointed with the quality of advice being given to policy makers by economists? Given that economic theory places such a burden on markets as our primary method for allocating wealth, and given that most professional economists are trained in the standard theory, how can we expect them to guide us out of the chaos?
December 15, 2008 4:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
A few weeks ago you linked form your blog to a paper by Eggertsson on the New Deal, in which the author argues that increasing workers' bargaining power was a key element of the policies that helped stop deflation and spur growth. Notably, during the 1990s union density fell in Japan, while workers took nominal wage cuts through lower annual bonuses. Doesn't it make sense - in the spirit of recognizing that "normal" and "responsible" rules of economic policy making will have disastrous effects in a liquidity trap - to advocate increased bargaining power for US workers? Its hard to think of a more credible commitment to raising future prices than shifting responsibility for wage setting away from unilateral control by bosses and toward collective bargaining.
December 15, 2008 5:32 PM | Reply | Permalink
Good to see you here.
I'm getting your book as a Christmas present and look forward to reading it.
December 15, 2008 5:35 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hi Paul, thanks for participating in this forum!
A few questions:
1) Why won't an incredibly massive "helicopter drop" of say, $10K to each household in America, have a better effect than $10K per household of gov't spending?
1a) If the problem is that households will swallow up the money into their savings accounts, then are there other options, like fancier helicopter-drops of e.g. "gift certificates" set to expire soon?
1b) Isn't there some amount of money we could give consumers that would jumpstart their spending?
2) Probably dumb question: Isn't a massive increase in savings (savings accounts, or stocks and bonds) tantamount to increasing companies' access to debt and/or equity? And doesn't that increase investment, which strengthens economic growth?
3) What is the difference between Keynes' fanciful "pay people to dig up money" example, and unemployment insurance? In both cases people are getting paid for accomplishing ultimately little. The main difference I can see is that in the Keynes scenario you might stimulate the purchase of digging machines. Are there other differences?
December 15, 2008 5:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
Not answering for Krugman (obviously) but the collapse of consumer spending is a reaction to bad jobs and loss of home values (which underwrote their access to credit) and is one aspect that needs to be addressed to be sure, but it doesn't do anything to the underlying investments that are needed to shift our economic foundation into sustainable and growth sectors.
So by investing and deficit spend to 're-tool' the infrastructure of our economy (not just hard infrastructure but also how core sectors of the economy are structured) you would still get the bang of stimulus in that it the spending puts money into consumer pockets, but through jobs instead of just money which is the main reason consumers are not spending (fear of job loss), and it creates those jobs in key sectors which are the way out of the dead-end paths of non-sustainable lynch-pin businesses undergirding our economic engine (fossil fuel, healthcare, etc.)
In other words, better to spend the money that secures and creates jobs in viable industries of the future instead of throwing good money down a sink-hole of consumer spending in businesses that are dead-men walking.
That's my take-away from the situation as outlined by Mr. Krugman and others.
December 15, 2008 5:56 PM | Reply | Permalink
The "helicopter drop" won't build infrastructure. We have to replace all those bridges at some point. There's absolutely no reason not to do it up front, rather than wait. We've got the labor idle. It's a total waste not to use it.
The point isn't about money. Money is just an arbitrary, made-up game of little real value. The point is about real people accomplishing real things in the real world. Money generally diverts us, rather than motivates us, in regards to reality. It's the real things accomplished which are the real wealth. We've got to distribute those fairly, and money is a game we sometimes play to try to do that.
It hasn't worked particularly well lately, especially when many of the brightest players specialize in cheating. If it takes hyperinflation and total devaluation of the dollar to wean us from money, I for one welcome our new barter economy.
December 15, 2008 8:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
I would like to add my voice in welcoming you here, and expressing my surprise and delight that you will be sharing with us more about your book and your views of the current economic hall of mirrors we seem to find ourselves in now.
I greatly enjoyed (and own) The Great Unraveling, and will be looking to pick up your latest as well.
On another note, thank you thank you thank you for pimp-slapping George Will again yesterday in the green room, with his penchant for bloviate on the usual fright-wing talking points which are simply devoid of fact or merit. First is nonsense about how getting health-care reform would cost business money (no dumb-ass, getting systemic healthcare cost off the books of companies like the big 3 HELPS business) and then his foray into global warming denial.
Is that guy ever not full of crap?
If nothing else, you being on a panel with George Will seems to make him sulk and not spew too much malarky because you are there to take him down to the ground when he does. If for no other reason than you kneecap George Will shows you have more than earned your accolades in Stockholm.
December 15, 2008 5:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
Ooooh! Where was this? Is there video? I wanna see!!
December 16, 2008 12:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Here ya go
December 16, 2008 11:07 PM | Reply | Permalink
How does the economic situation (current account deficit and dollar reserve fiat currency) today, imply that we should adopt policies designed for a quite different economic situation, yesterday (current account surplus and international gold standard)?
Or, why do the two economic situations which do not appear, on their face, analogous call for identical solutions?
December 15, 2008 6:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm shocked to say this, but... yup. The Current Account Deficit & The Dollar. We freak out over a $700 billion one-time bail-out... but not a $700 billion annual trade deficit. We seem dead calm about the $... but there's an awful lot of cash parked in short-term T-Bills. So we get demand pumping, credit-blood circulating... only to bleed out across open borders?
December 15, 2008 10:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
Sounds to me like Krugman is simply rationalizing after the fact at each step of the way, the past few months.
However -- if the government can borrow $600B at zero interest, let's do it but spend it wisely.
The rabbit hole is only as deep as you imagine it to be, really. Don't get lost in your imagination.
There is a serious question to be answered: Is the so-called financial crisis dragging the economy down, or does it rather reflect negative first and second derivatives (forward anticipation) of a real economic retrenchment which is genuinely necessary, whether that counts as a depression or a recession? Predictive models can generate positive feedback...
December 15, 2008 6:34 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks so much for joining us here, Paul. Specifically, what New Deal programs (CCC, TVA, NRA, etc.) should be re-created in more modernized forms? What completely new programs would you recommend?
Thanks again!
December 15, 2008 6:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm a little late, but hello Mr. Krugman. It's 12:55 am here in Europe and I have to get up in the morning, but I would like to say congratulations on the Nobel Prize! I hope to hear more of your gadfly responses to the global economic slump. Too many yes-man makes bad policy so your stinging rebuttals will be appreciated.
December 15, 2008 6:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
One angle I'd like to see mentioned more is how tax policy could help shape any economic recovery. I'm no economist and don't claim to possess any insight thereof, but I think it's worth a look-see into how corporate tax rates over the years have affected, if at all, this economic downturn.
Take, for instance, the lowering of corporate income tax rates. This seems, to me, to be a disincentive for reinvesting and, instead, promotes profit-taking by corporate heads rather than creating jobs, corporate expansion, and all the things that are good for the vitality of the corporation and its workers.
Now, as for personal income tax rates, that's where reductions could allow individuals to keep more money in their pockets and spur increased spending. I think we've had it backwards for a while on tax policy.
December 15, 2008 7:18 PM | Reply | Permalink
Let's hope we're all Krugmanians now.
December 15, 2008 7:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
Just to get in the mood, I borrowed "Wall Street under oath; the story of our modern money changers" by Ferdinand Pecora from the library.
December 15, 2008 7:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Leo, I just looked your book up on Amazon, and it looks like it only tells part of the story. Give this documentary a try, you won't be disappointed.
The Money Masters:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-515319560256183936&ei=1ANHSe7UNZLAqAL_1smzCw&q=the+money+masters
Let me know what you think:)
December 15, 2008 8:28 PM | Reply | Permalink
PAUL: I think you've said in the past year or so that we're kinda witnessing a mini-run on Hedge Funds since easy credit slammed shut in August 2007. Because of this $50 Billion BERNIE MADOFF scandal, are we going to witness a "classic" run on Hedge Funds with the ultra wealthy literally lining up in their Maseratis outside the Hedge Fund offices trying to make their withdrawals?
December 15, 2008 8:03 PM | Reply | Permalink
Where would they put it?
December 15, 2008 10:53 PM | Reply | Permalink
0% Treasuries. :)
December 16, 2008 11:07 AM | Reply | Permalink
Many hedge fund investors are getting their money out to cover other investment losses.
As one fund manager put it: “We have become the A.T.M. machines for people that need cash.”
December 16, 2008 3:00 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks seashell. The Times admits it's a "strain", but when will it BREAK? I don't pour over stats, but there's got to be a full scale run going on right now...
I hate to see this... I take no glee in what's happening to the ultra wealthy. But Hedge Funds are/were the wild wild west. They wanted to be unregulated. Will they be bailed out too? [Looks like the SIPC insurance case is being made now for the Madoff victims. Why is that fair? They wanted 30% growth. So they took the risk.]
December 16, 2008 11:10 AM | Reply | Permalink
Half that comment was a ramble... Sorry! :)
December 16, 2008 11:11 AM | Reply | Permalink
The time is past when the US consumer can provide the demand needed to drive the Global Economy. The Globalists worshipped exploiting cheap labor and ignoring basic environmental and workplace rules.
Just as the strongest US economy was based on the rising wealth of a middle class; Globalists preached that the almighty market would eventually raise the standard of living of all nations to provide a market for goods.
The Globalist belief system has finally been shown to be a worship of false idols.
The failure of the free trade global economy to creat wealth among a stable world wide middle class has recreated the Great Depression's production capacity without a market.
The US middle class is simply tapped out. The European middle class has been reduced in size and divided between the wealthy and the abject poverty of their legal imigrant labor. For how many years have we heard that the driving force of the economy has beeen the US as a consumer nation? How did we finance that consumer nation? With massive national and middle class debt.
There is no stimulus package that can be large enough to conquer US debt and once again produce the consumptive US middle class. The only hope for the economy is that large Federal Government investments in infrastructure and newer green technologies can produce enough demand to float the country until the global problem can be fixed.
The failure of the Globalists and the free traders to build middle class consumers throughout their Global economy will drive the global downturn for years.
The danger to the future is that the Globalists will once again over-inflate sectors of the economy to bubble our way through a short term recovery. Greenspan was a master at this and either deliberately ignored global fiscal data and purposely deceived the country or was truly ignorant of the long term consequences of his policies.
With so much of the world mired in poverty so deep that the daily search for food and the neceesities of life consumes their energies just whom shall we sell our products to? Of what value is an auto industry wheen there is no one who needs a vehicle for the next 4 years (or longer)?
How many bidg screen TV's can you sell in Africa, the poor sections of the Middle East, Eastern Asia, the Slavic countries, South and Central America and the Phillipines? All of these populations have been exploited by the Globalists for cheap labor without any commitment to improving wealth among the workers.
Now we have a Global Economy with excess production capacity and no where to sell the products.
The failure of the World Bank, the G-8 and the greed of the aristocracy has produced a division of wealth that will take years to realign.
The bailout of the world banking system will produce no economic benefits or lasting stability until the banks accept the prospect of lower returns and realize that the future requires investment in the actual poor of the world.
Business as usual has failed.
The US economy has become entwined in the Globalist failed banking system, the weight of massive debt for consumerism and the funding of a military to suppress anyone that might challenge our supremacy. We need a new focus from the G-8. We need a change from free market exploitation. We need to reduce our expectations of investment returns.
We must build a Global economy that truly begins to raise the wealth of the great majority of the poor people that inhabit our planet.
Economic stimulus in the US is needed to keep us from going over the edge. There is no amount of US government money that can keep us from the edge until we repair our basic understanding of what a Global economy really is and how we build one that works for everyone.
December 15, 2008 11:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'll just note that the words "employment" and "unemployment" don't appear in Professor Krugman's message. So the world is in crisis because "the economy" is in a nosedive? We need to support "demand"? Nobody knows how deep the rabbit hole goes?
I know how deep the rabbit hole goes. It goes as deep as looking for work and not being able to obtain it. That's as deep as it gets. Samuel Gompers, the early leader of the AFL said, "so long as there is one man who seeks employment and cannot obtain it, the hours of labor are too long."
What is your view on THAT, Professor Krugman? Is reducing the hours of work a viable approach to reducing unemployment? If not, why not?
December 16, 2008 12:06 AM | Reply | Permalink
Normally we want to be careful that public funds are spent wisely; right now the crucial thing is that they be spent fast.
I'm guessing Mr. Krugman is comfortable with the Treasury and the Federal Reserve spending trillions of dollars secretly.
What happens to American financial markets if the SEC permits publicly traded financial institutions to hide bailout information from investors? Financial statements become useless for starters.
As an average investor, am I supposed to happily embrace a signifcant curtailment of my economic freedom for the "good" of the economy?
When the government claims the right to make secret deals with publicly traded companies, it is telling me that I no longer have the right to accurate and timely financial information.
I don't think Mr. Krugman and a lot of other so-called experts have given enough thought about the consequences of conducting the US economy in secret.
As an aside, Warren Buffet invested $5 billion in Goldman Sachs not long before it became a "bank holding" company and borrowed $10 billion under TARP.
Does Goldman Sachs need to be bailed out if Warren Buffet is investing in the firm?
December 16, 2008 1:51 AM | Reply | Permalink
I agree with your dismay with Krugman. It reminds me a bit of Tom Freidman supporting the Iraq war because he had is own reasons for wanting it, and ignoring how those Bush/Cheney "folks" would actually handle things.
What does Krugman think of Ka$hkari?
December 16, 2008 2:35 AM | Reply | Permalink
As far as the economy goes, I feel like Slim Pickens in Dr. Strangelove. We're riding this puppy all the way down, so we might as well whoop and holler about it just to show we're enjoying it.
Anyhow, on a more serious note, if we want a massive and quick infusion of cash why not this? Each month for three months send every household a thousand dollars or so worth of $50 vouchers. Each voucher expires in 30 days. They can be spent at any retail store or service provider. Change cannot be provided in cash of more than $5 for any transaction that uses a voucher. Retailers will return the vouchers to the fed for cash with their IRS tax ID on the voucher. The fed will not redeem vouchers with the tax ID of any bank, investment firm, or credit card company. Re-evaluate this program on a quater-by-quarter basis. Blackmarket dealing in vouchers will be punishable by death.
December 16, 2008 9:02 AM | Reply | Permalink
Paul Krugman doesn't know what he's talking about. Why, just the other day, Sean Hannity said..........
December 16, 2008 9:14 AM | Reply | Permalink
What rules? There are no rules. If we had rules and if they were being followed we wouldn't be in this mess. Don't insult us.
December 16, 2008 10:18 AM | Reply | Permalink
thepeople,
exactly.
December 16, 2008 10:42 AM | Reply | Permalink
Paul Krugman on TPM for a whole week -- wow, this is like getting an early Chritmas present! Welcome, welcome, Mr. Krugman. I look forward to hearing your thoughts, especially since I really missed seeing your column while you were in Stockholm last week.
December 16, 2008 12:56 PM | Reply | Permalink
With two ongoing wars and record-breaking budget deficits, the Republicans thought they'd made it impossible for Democrats to get the government to do anything much. The money just wouldn't be there.
Well, the money still isn't there, but now we're in a situation where we just can't worry about the deficit. Not right now. Barack Obama not only CAN spend, but MUST. Yeah, there will still be a reckoning, but it's only prudent to put it off until the economy is healthy again.
That means that he has a real chance to turn things around, to really make a difference in the long-term,... but only if he makes investments for the 21st Century. OK, sure, he needs to spend fast, but he also needs to spend RIGHT. This is a huge opportunity here, and he shouldn't waste it by just throwing money out of a helicopter.
Give every American money to spend, and we'll spend much of it, and pay down bills or save the rest. But none of that is an INVESTMENT. Use the money to make real investments in education and 21st Century technology, and it will more than pay for itself in the long run. (I'm much less enamored over spending on 20th Century infrastructure like roads and bridges.)
IMHO, it really DOES matter how the money is spent. In fact, it's critically important. Will we make real investments for the future, or just hand out money in the old, politically-popular way?
December 16, 2008 2:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Paul Krugman actually replied to an email I sent him a few years ago, we exchanged two emails I think. I couldn't believe he took the time to respond to a question from someone he didn't know from Adams off ox...been an avid Krugman reader ever since ( actually before...but his accessibility and graciousness clinched it ).
That's all I have for now...
December 16, 2008 4:30 PM | Reply | Permalink
"If peoples' salaries were going up at the same rate the profits made by the businesses they worked for did for the last 8 years, we wouldn't be having this problem."
If all this bailout money had been converted to higher wages for the middle class, instead of temporary bouyancy for leaky banks and golden liferafts for their lousy skippers, the WHOLE WORLD would benefit, including those banks and their CEO's.
Why not HUGE coprorate tax incentives, including bailout investment, for comapnies who raise their workers' wages?
I realize there's some heavy hitters in this mix, so I blog with some trepidation.
But here's my layman's simple-minded point of view for anyone who cares;
The middle class wants more income so they can spend it...
The wealthy want more income so they can HAVE it...
One model creates an economic flow that contributes to growth, the other an economic rollercoaster that's heading for a black hole.
Enrich the American and European middle classes, and you enrich the entire world.
December 16, 2008 5:05 PM | Reply | Permalink
Re Paul Krugman's thoughts on the economic crisis: As a Great Depression generation American, I subscribe to FDR's :We have nothing to fear but fear itself." His purpose was to get money moving freely again in the marketplace; especially was it crucial that money multiply through the banks. When Tom Friedman recommended that we "go shopping," he was saying keep money moving through the marketplace. If it isn't moving, the economy stalls. The banks should loosen up on lending/investing. Those that don't start acting like real banks should be closed or reorganized. What was their bailout for!? Whatever other more arcane economic solutions should be instituted, these basics must be the foundation. I'm out on a limb here, attempting to amplify the word of a Nobel prize winner, but I don't think he'd disagree with my basic premise.
December 17, 2008 12:29 AM | Reply | Permalink