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Golden Shield or Achilles Heel?

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Yesterday brought some remarkable developments on the accountability front. The Wall Street Journal, relying on Bush Administration sources, tells us that President Bush is not likely to extend pre-emptive pardons to those who were involved in his torture program and related extralegal misadventures. The White House is relying on the view that Attorney General Mukasey has been peddling aggressively in the last weeks (most recently at a talk he delivered at Columbia Law School) to the effect that OLC memoranda provide a "golden shield" against prosecution. Mukasey quotes that term from Jack Goldsmith's Terror Presidency, in which the Harvard professor and former Bush Administration lawyer discusses the reason why the OLC memos were so important to the Bushies.

Of course, I would be delighted to see Bush forego his shot at pardoning those involved in the torture program. But the legal analysis they're resting this on is just as shoddy as their legal analysis of the torture issue--and of course the dean of Yale Law School in Congressional testimony described the main OLC torture memo (upon which they're relying, among others) as "the most clearly legally erroneous opinion I have ever read." The memo was also denounced in an extraordinary resolution adopted by the American Bar Association as "legally incompetent." But this is what the White House is resting its analysis on.

The view taken by Mukasey and Goldsmith is that OLC memos are cloaked with a sort of talismanic significance. It doesn't matter how stupid or incompetent they are, or that they have turned the OLC into an international butt of ridicule. Government officials are entitled to rely on them absolutely, and they cannot be prosecuted to the extent that they do. Now let's keep in mind that Mukasey and Goldsmith, as the authors of OLC opinions, have some vested interest in pumping up their significance. Is it likely that courts would adopt the same view? For the answer to that question, look at the pending prosecution for torture and war crimes brought against Charles "Chuckie" Taylor, Jr., in which the defense tried to introduce and rely on the OLC torture memoranda. The court's retort was almost immediate--"you can't be serious." The court, quite properly, treated the OLC memoranda as legal rubbish. Which is what they are.

Now let's assume a court takes the "golden shield" argument a bit more seriously, which it would do if presented with a case in which a defendant could make a more credible case of reliance. The core of the argument would be that government officials relied on the memoranda in making and implementing policy. The court would have to take a careful look at the timing of the opinions (they had to be rendered before policy was formed and implemented), on the full and fair disclosure of facts to the opinion-writer, on the opinion-writer's research, analysis and presentation of his opinion in good faith. Failure on any of these prongs would vitiate the usefulness of the opinion as a "golden shield." But the OLC memos will fail on all three prongs. In fact torture policy was in place, fully implemented before the torture memos were crafted. There is a full failure of candor in the facts in the memo. And the arguments presented as so far from good faith as to earn universal ridicule in the legal community. In fact, genuine experts told the opinion writers that key portions of the opinions were not just erroneous, but rather criminal. This is why Mukasey and Gonzales have insisted on keeping the OLC memos secret. Once exposed to public examination, they are quickly revealed as the work of a legal snake oil salesman. On the other hand, the OLC memos can properly be viewed as evidence of a joint criminal enterprise, the object of which was to enable torture--the memos actually were intended to and did further the scheme. They are evidence of a crime and of criminal intent. The core of that criminal enterprise was formed and much of it was carried out inside the Justice Department.

So can the OLC memos really shield the actors here? If you believe the analysis of the torture memoranda themselves, you'll believe that too, because you guzzle legal Koolaid. If you have retained your analytical faculties, you'll say "no way." The argument that Mukasey makes isn't consistent with the most fundamental rule of our legal system: the rule of law. It is typical of the byzantine legal reasoning used in tyrannical societies.


29 Comments

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Well, hopefully they are not reading TPM Café or a number of other "liberal" blogs who are pointing this out. At least you are not arguing, like some others, that this torturing and muderous bunch should be given a free pass.

Now shut up and "cloak" this thread.

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Bush On Law: The law is what I say it is (or what my minions say it is)....

I guess we don't need law schools anymore.

I guess that the two semesters of Constitutional law and the two semesters of Criminal Law (and the civics clasees in public school) that I sat through way back when was not necessary.

The OLC memo is criminal and should be treated as such.

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Scott - do you want the administration prosecuted?

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"[T]he OLC memos ... are evidence of a crime and of criminal intent. The core of that criminal enterprise was formed and much of it was carried out inside the Justice Department."

Thanks for cutting to the chase. I understand that the Obama team would be leery of wholesale (though totally merited) prosecutions but they do need to re-establish very firmly that the U.S. is a nation of laws. That principle, to me, is the essence of what U.S. leadership ought to mean to the rest of the world. A few high-profile prosecutions, convictions and prison sentences (John Yoo, please) would be very powerful messages. You simply cannot let people think they can get away with anything just because the President says it's OK.

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This WSJ piece strikes me as a trial balloon. But pardons or no, I hope Scott will continue pressing for real accountability, as he has done so well for so long.

I have a somewhat different take on how to pursue this goal, tho. Rather than depending on a single "silver bullet" plan such as a special commission to take up the task, I say go after it with all barrels blazing.

Sure, set up a commission; but let's also have congressional committee probes, Inspector General investigations in the agencies, the GAO, the whole schmear.

From all I've read and learned, there is PLENTY of disgusting dirt for all of them to dig up. And then if one inquiry is stymied, evaded or shut down (all specialties of the current gang), another can pick up the slack.

Let's even push for state inquiries in places like my home state of North Carolina, where most of the "torture taxis" are based between their rendition kidnaping flights. (And yes, I think the flights are continuing; the companies involved are EXPANDING their facilities.) After all, torture is against Carolina law too.

Not to mention cooperating with what will likely be numerous international legal actions.

All this will take time;it will be worth it.

One other caveat: while bringing the offenders to account is important, let's not make it the only topic of post-torture era conversation, because there's more involved.

I sum up the full task of ending the torture regime in the acronymic slogan "START NOW", as follows:

S = STOP all torture operations, close Gitmo and other "black" prisons, rescind all permissive orders.

T = The TRUTH -- pursue it by all available means, as above.

A = ACCOUNTABILITY for offenders, not only the policymakers, but the major perps. This will, I believe, include some people in uniform with stars on their lapels.

R = RESTITUTION/Compensation. So far, one torture victim in Sweden and Canada have received compensation from the respective governments for their complicity with their kidnapping by US agents for torture. All innocent victims of US torture deserve such compensation and restitution. Open US courts to such cases, and end use of the "state secrets" doctrine as a defense.

T = TREATMENT. Torture victims and their families also need treatment, and in justice let this be at US goverment expense.

The NOW of "START NOW" means, NEVER let up, ORGANIZE to keep the issue alive, especially outside DC, and WORRY Washington until there's real action.

So let's end torture, and START NOW.

More on this at: www.quakerhouse.org

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America re-elected Bush and Cheney and thus all of their criminal cronies in 2004, re-elected the same Reps and Senators in '04, '06 and '08 that stood by and let this stuff go on.

This is on America.

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Hmmm....

Ah yes… The refrains of an illogical fallacy bubbles to the surface of the Café’s pond.

Not all voted for this pseudo-administration of miscreants.

Although, it is the responsibility of the U.S. to clean up after these authoritarian scumbags and their apologists . . .

But you just keep believing your fallacy.

~OGD~

*Keepin' clear of the brown floaters in the Cafe since 2005*

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There is no fallacy there. "We", the voters, did vote as stated. A democracy, or as much of one as we have, requires all of us to live by the decision of the majority. Just as all of us had GWBush as our president, and will have Obama as our president, we are all responsible for the majority decisions back in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, etc.

If this seems unfair, just recall your Civics class, or those of us who had a Civics class can recall it. A major part of living in a democracy is to work to persuade the voters to go in the right direction when they vote. We are all responsible for persuading others to vote responsibly. And, we are all responsible for holding those we elect to account for how they perform the duties they were elected to do.

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Oh really???

I'll make this short an' sweet for ya' pops.

With all due respect ... Bull!

Your analogy is tantamount to saying that when I served in the military and my officer in charge orders me to summarily field execute an unarmed, non-threatening enemy combatant and I refuse and the majority of my company agrees with the officer's order that somehow I'm responsible for shirking my duty to the constitution? Get real...

Civics... Schmivicks...

~OGD~

*Shakin' my head in the Café since 2005*

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We live with it -- or we dissent, vocally, constantly, and loudly.

How long have you been hiding amid the "majority" in effort to duck your INDIVIDUAL responsibility?

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If you want to pretend that nobody outside the Bush Cabal knew exactly what was going on, that's your choice.

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Oh they did. But we should still investigate and prosecute. People just need to accept that some Democrats are naturally going to be swept up in this, which is why a system run by both of the parties can't be trusted to handle this. ICC!

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Excuse moi...

I said something that would make YOU think that I pretend that nobody outside the Bush Cabal knew exactly what was going on?

As Aristotle would say ... έλεγχος

~OGD~

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"Is it likely that courts would adopt the same view? For the answer to that question, look at the pending prosecution for torture and war crimes brought against Charles 'Chuckie' Taylor, Jr., in which the defense tried to introduce and rely on the OLC torture memoranda. The court's retort was almost immediate--'you can't be serious.' The court, quite properly, treated the OLC memoranda as legal rubbish. Which is what they are."

Very likely they are rubbish, but it is equally likely that the federal court in Florida couldn't believe the defense was trying to use OLC memoranda pertaining to members of the Executive Branch of the US Govt in defense of the son of the president of Liberia on trial for acts of torture in Liberia. It's highly doubtful that the judge was giving a substantive evaluation of these irrelevant documents.

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The case will probably rest on "Reasonable people can disagree"
What does reasonable mean?

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To repeat...

As I stated in the initial thread of The Mixed Up Files of G.W. Bush...

To heal the nation -- the truth be known.

So I say, do the Constitutional duty and make this an investigation with the possibility of judicial implications. Add some teeth as one would say. Non-binding committees become a partisan battle-ground in the nature of their make-up.

This is getting a bit redundant watching the different sides argue their positions. If this wasn't such a serious subject. it would be as much fun as watching a dog chase it's tail.

If you really wish to read a piece that'll raise your eyebrows plus place this subject in a wider perspective, I recommend the Café's own SleepinJeezus' Unimpeachable Justice: "What's Good for the Goose..."

~OGD~

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What real difference does it make Mr. Horton, whether or not the criminals have a golden shield if we know (as we already do) that Obama will not pursue any sort of investigation let alone prosecution of these thugs?

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Uhhhh....

Has Obama recently hinted that he would not pursue any sort of investigation let alone prosecution of these thugs?

Let's see Obama's entire statement from April 14, 2008.

This is from the blog of Will Bunch at philly.com who actaully was the person who personally asked Obama what he would do about this whole affair:

The words of Obama:

"What I would want to do is to have my Justice Department and my Attorney General immediately review the information that's already there and to find out are there inquiries that need to be pursued. I can't prejudge that because we don't have access to all the material right now. I think that you are right, if crimes have been committed, they should be investigated. You're also right that I would not want my first term consumed by what was perceived on the part of Republicans as a partisan witch hunt because I think we've got too many problems we've got to solve.

So this is an area where I would want to exercise judgment -- I would want to find out directly from my Attorney General -- having pursued, having looked at what's out there right now -- are there possibilities of genuine crimes as opposed to really bad policies. And I think it's important-- one of the things we've got to figure out in our political culture generally is distinguishing betyween really dumb policies and policies that rise to the level of criminal activity. You know, I often get questions about impeachment at town hall meetings and I've said that is not something I think would be fruitful to pursue because I think that impeachment is something that should be reserved for exceptional circumstances. Now, if I found out that there were high officials who knowingly, consciously broke existing laws, engaged in coverups of those crimes with knowledge forefront, then I think a basic principle of our Constitution is nobody above the law -- and I think that's roughly how I would look at it."

Now if anyone has anything that Obama has directly stated since then, please post it.

Until then, I'll stick with what I stated in my comment in the initial thread of The Mixed Up Files of G.W. Bush...

To heal the nation -- the truth be known.

So I say, do the Constitutional duty and make this an investigation with the possibility of judicial implications. Add some teeth as one would say. Non-binding committees become a partisan battle-ground in the nature of their make-up.

And the AG is the proper department to handle this investigation.

~OGD~

*Just wandering the pond of the Café since June 2005*

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As a matter of fact it has been reported several times in the past two weeks that Obama's people have indicated there will be no investigations and thus no prosecutions.

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Uhhhh . . .

"...Obama's people..."

Thanks for the vague information.

Ah Ha ... Not your fault Oleeb, but no wonder it was vague. Here's what I found:

Two Obama advisers said there's little if any chance that the incoming president's Justice Department will go after anyone involved in authorizing or carrying out interrogations that provoked worldwide outrage.

The advisers spoke on condition of anonymity because the plans are still tentative. A spokesman for Obama's transition team did not respond to requests for comment Monday.

Lara Jakes Jordan, AP – Tue Nov 18 2008

Some advisers who spoke on condition of anonymity -- and no one from his transition team would respond to request for comment???

OK ... I'll be waiting . . . for something more specific directly from Obama, or an official spokesperson who'll stand up and be named.

~OGD~

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I have every expectation of being disappointed by the Obama administration on many fronts, but I sure hope this issue will be among them. Maybe these comments from anonymous advisers are a trick, signaling to the Bushies that they don't need to worry, there will be no pursuit of justice, in hopes that there are no blanket pardons to deter justice in fact being pursued by an Obama administration?

That said, I quite agree with the first comment in this thread, by notthere -- ixnay on the egalway arningways.

My great fear is that, as widely understood and mentioned upthread, there are plenty of Democrats still in positions of power who are culpable in these war crimes, and I fear that Obama will let all the criminals go in hopes of accomplishing other things with the help of said criminals. Oy, vey.

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*not* among them, of course (so much for making good use of the preview function)

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OldG,

I have no trouble with the Obama quote you highlighted except where he (twice) says, 'look at what's out there right now'. That needs to be expanded on.

As I said;

If Obama puts Cheney in jail he'll win a Nobel Prize;

If he also puts Bush in jail he'll go up on Mt. Rushmore.

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OGD As you know, if it walks like a duck, and looks like a duck. Well, it is probably a duck.

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Yeah right cute...

But at least I'd like to know the name(s) of the "duck(s)" . . .

That is, if you were referring to Oleeb's post about a report "...that Obama's people have indicated there will be no investigations and thus no prosecutions."

See my response to Oleeb above.

If you're not referring to that ... QUACK!

~OGD~

*Anonymous reports doesn't cut in the Cafe since June 2005*

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It's a bit disappointing to have to note that Scott doesn't name anyone whom he thinks guilty of being "involved in [Bush's] torture program and related extralegal misadventures" -- whatever "involved" may mean.

Nor does he state what he means by "accountability" -- if he means criminally liable, he doesn't point to a statute the violation of which he thinks those "involved" persons should be charged with.

The United States prides itself as a country that observes the rule of law which limits a government to charging specific acts which violate particular statutes.

So, what are the acts; who perpetrated them; and what statute(s) was violated?

Until Scott zeros in on the violation(s) and names the defendants, arguing about the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the OLCs as a "golden shield" is an exercise in futility.

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The central premise is the OLC has the authority to create law. That is undeniably false. In the interpretation of law, OLC opinions cannot be exempt from judicial review.

This is merely an extension of the Bush WH notion of the power of the unitary executive. The idea of a 'golden shield' effectively grants power to the president and simultaneously shields him from accountability relative to the exercise of that power. If this assertion of power were to be sustained by the SC we are finished as a country.

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The central premise is the OLC has the authority to create law. That is undeniably false. In the interpretation of law, OLC opinions cannot be exempt from judicial review.

My question is: can an opinion issued by one of the lawyers at OLC be so egregiously wrong that the lawyer can be held criminally liable for it? I’m thinking of John Yoo in particular.

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Two points of clarification: first, Chucky Taylor's prosecution isn't pending. He was convicted on all counts. Second, it is difficult to read the tenor of Judge Altonaga's rejection of the Bybee Memo. She simply said she wouldn't allow it to be provided with jury instructions.

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