Anatomy of a Vice Presidency

Let me just say to begin with that it is flattering and daunting, in more or less equal parts, to talk about my new book on Vice President Cheney with four of its published critics: Jacob Heilbrunn in the NYT Book Review, Steve Clemons in the American Conservative, David Greenberg in Slate and Spencer Ackerman on his Attackerman blog. Paul Mirengoff of Power Line, who critiqued excerpts of the book that appeared in The Washington Post, has also agreed to join this conversation. That's a rare and commendable departure from the norm these days of talking mainly to people who already agree. As a reader, I'd love to see more crosstalk among thinkers across the political divide. I want to thank TPMCafe for setting that example.
It's hard to know where to start a conversation about Cheney. In ANGLER, I make the claim that you can't understand what happened these last eight years without knowing how often the vice president took the helm. But it's just as vital to know about the times when President Bush grabbed the wheel and veered off Cheney's course. Bush really was the Decider -- when he knew what was happening -- and he lost some confidence in his Number Two when Cheney nearly drove him off a cliff in the closing months of the first term. That story, which takes up the two climactic chapters of ANGLER, is one among many we did not know until now. Hundreds of people, many of them speaking on the record about previously undisclosed events, gave interviews for the book (and its predecessor, a series I wrote with partner Jo Becker). This Book Club conversation will go wherever you all please. In the next few paragraphs I'll throw out some of the stories, questions and criticisms that have come up most often in broadcasts and public events these last two months:
* What drove Cheney? His thoughts, more than just about anyone's, are a black box. Even so, I gathered a good deal of evidence for the proposition that the vice president has been fundamentally honest about his objectives, if not always about the underlying facts or the methods he employed. A lot of Cheney critics don't like to hear that, begrudging him a principled motive for policies they dislike. But ANGLER takes him seriously, and the public should too. Think about it this way: Cheney is a man of zeal, and zealots have had a lot more impact on history than self-serving hypocrites.
* Principle can be a flexible thing. Cheney sacrificed one principle, often enough, in service of another. I imagine he has as much regard as the next man for the virtue of truth, but if Dick Armey is to be believed Cheney flat-out lied to him about the intelligence on Iraq -- in pursuit of a larger goal of freeing Bush to fight what Cheney considered a necessary war. Cheney spoke often over the years about a president's need for honest brokers and a full range of policy advice, but just as often in the Bush White House he cut out those who might disagree. Some of the biggest decisions of the Bush presidency were made without the knowledge or advice of the national security adviser, secretary of state, secretary of treasury, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, or another top official with a stake.
* How did he become so powerful? No single answer here. The book is above all a study of power, its acquisition and exercise. Dan Quayle told me the fascinating story of his encounter with Cheney on Inauguration Day, in which Cheney explained the "different understanding" he had reached with the president. Quayle said the role was akin to Deputy President or "super chief of staff." In most cases, George W. Bush gave Cheney that authority. The vice president acted sometimes at Bush's direction (e.g. in settling federal budget appeals, which glazed the president's eyes) and sometimes with his tacit consent (e.g. in creating and overseeing aggressive new programs of intererogation and warrantless surveillance). He was a detail man serving a detail-averse commander in chief, and unlike those who served Ronald Reagan, another big picture president, Cheney had no weighty rival under Bush. He has a rare talent for identifying and pulling the hidden levers of government. And there's another factor at work: Cheney knows exactly what he wants. It's a very simple thing, really, but surprisingly rare when smart people face hard questions in the Situation Room. Or even when a group of friends tries to figure out what to eat, pizza or Chinese? By the time his rivals got off the fence, Cheney had often left the room and placed the order.
* What was Cheney's relationship with Bush? At first I thought their interaction would be out of reach of my reporting, since Cheney preferred to give his advice one-on-one. It turned out, though, that there were often two or three others in the room, and Bush sometimes briefed his closest aides about conversations they had missed. The relationship was complex and evolving, as most relationships are. ANGLER describes a trajectory in which Bush gave Cheney maximum deference in their early years together, but pulled back the leash as he grew more confident of his judgment and came to believe that Cheney posed a threat to his political health. Cheney could afford to be an anti-politician; Bush could not.
* Did Bush really know what Cheney was doing? The answer in my book is a qualified "yes" -- with several important exceptions, and hedged in general by the president's disinclination to focus on the fine points. One big exception was the warrantless NSA surveillance program: When the Justice Department came to believe that portions of the program were illegal, Cheney withheld that information from Bush for three full months as he tried to quash the insurgency.
* Has Cheney changed? Brent Scowcroft famously told the New Yorker that "Dick Cheney, I don't know any more." I explore this question at some length, including the hypothesis that Cheney's health -- nine cardiac events in eight years -- has altered his personality. I have to leave this in the unproved basket, and I show a lot more continuity than change in Cheney's views and behavior over the years.
* Why did people like Andy Card, Josh Bolten, Condi Rice, Steve Hadley, John Ashcroft, Jim Comey, Dan Bartlett, Karl Rove and a whole host of less famous names agree to talk to me on the record about Cheney? Different answers for different people, and I can pursue that if my interlocutors want to know.
* How can any reader know what to trust in a behind-the-scenes book like this, and how do I know what I purport to know? Though there's an honorable and absolutely vital place for anonymous sourcing, and ANGLER has its share, I made this book as transparent as I possibly could. There are 70 pages of Endnotes in fine print with citations to documents (public and exclusively obtained) and the subjects and dates of interviews. I drew upon contemporaneous notes as often as possible. So for instance, when I describe a meeting between Jim Comey and the president, I base the description in part on a BlackBerry message that Comey sent as soon as he left the Oval Office.
* Did Cheney overreach? For example: Did he succeed in his efforts to establish executive supremacy in making war and defining the law, or did the backlash from the public, Congress and the courts leave the presidency weaker than before? To me the result is mixed and, in part, yet to be determined. Some claims dear to Cheney have been repudiated by the coordinate branches of government, but in the fine print, and in practice, the vice president has often salvaged victory -- for now, at least.
All right, Book Clubbers. Have at me.














Congratulations on an excellent and very necessary book. I was wondering if you've found anything since the book went to press that would alter or confirm details in the book.
November 17, 2008 2:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
1) We know that Cheney headed up Bush's search for a VP, and decided that he himself was the most qualified: did he have an ulterior motive to be in the office of the VP?
2) What is the backstory to Cheney being tasked with selecting Bush's VP?
November 17, 2008 3:07 PM | Reply | Permalink
Cheney managed the VP selection to make himself the obvious last-man-standing candidate. After the interviews with all of the other possibilities, he had all of the dirt he needed to quash them, no? And then he could humbly offer himself as VP with experience to balance GWB's lack of same, yet no ambitions to become President. That's the irony; GWBush was just a heartbeat away from the Presidnecy for 8 years! For more complete backstory, read John Nichols' DICK: THE MAN WHO IS PRESIDENT (2004; The New Press). It was widely ignored by all in the mainstream media, unfortunately. It is quite good.
November 17, 2008 3:17 PM | Reply | Permalink
What I want to know, and maybe your book elucidates, is why the Democrats in Congress remained so meek even after they regained the majority in 2006. The best explanation that I've heard of is that Cheney had "the goods" on enough Democrats (and independent-minded Republicans) in Congress to effectively silence them. I.e. blackmail... But this is, as far as I know, all conjecture. Did you find any evidence in support of this?
Kynnjo
November 17, 2008 3:49 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm about half-way through the book, and what has really fascinated me is the structure for monitoring the issues Cheney was interested in that you describe. He had his offices in the House and Senate, his aides who were also high ranking officials in the Bush side of the White House, and his own seat at the head of the table of key white House operating groups. Then, of course, he had his final opportunity to talk to Bush privately.
Take that and his clear agenda, along with his acolytes appointed at secondary levels throughout the Executive Department (like John Bolton), all of that literally make Cheney a parasite on the back of the Bush administration, monitoring everything and sucking off its own sustenance.
It appears that much of what everyone blames the Bush administration for his been initiated and pushed through by Cheney.
Has there ever been a White House administration with such a powerful individual largely outside the President's control before? Bush's disinterest in administration and probably his own lack of confidence in his own abilities also seem to have added to Cheney's power.
It's really a fascinating organizational story.
November 17, 2008 4:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm looking forward to reading this book, but it's certainly not a good start to hear, yet again, how sincere Cheney is. Sincere about what, exactly? Usurping presidential powers? Emasculating the congress and the courts? Dismantling the federal regulatory apparatus? Holding secret meetings with his energy industry friends? Having people tortured? Abrogating international agreements? Lying to start a war?
He sincerely lied to start a war? Doesn't it follow, then, that there should be some discussion fairly high up here of his mental stability?
November 17, 2008 4:30 PM | Reply | Permalink
For any/all: How much do you think Cheney has aligned with Robert Greene and Joost Elffer's 48 Laws of Power? Examples for each?
http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cg/Courses/cgt411/covey/48_laws_of_power.htm
November 17, 2008 4:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
* Principle can be a flexible thing. Cheney sacrificed one principle, often enough, in service of another. I imagine he has as much regard as the next man for the virtue of truth, but if Dick Armey is to be believed Cheney flat-out lied to him about the intelligence on Iraq -- in pursuit of a larger goal of freeing Bush to fight what Cheney considered a necessary war.
Principles? Cheney has no principles. And if he does, they're not very deep or well thought out. I'm sure he thinks the truth is for pussies.
November 17, 2008 5:20 PM | Reply | Permalink
Barton, I just finished the book last night and it was a tour de force. Congratulations. Even now, few discuss the power of Addington. You never addressed what Bush 43 thought of Addington. Can you do so now?
November 17, 2008 6:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
Angler is a very important book. If journalism is the first draft of history, the second draft should fill in details journalism cannot. Angler does this in spades.
Like Heilbrunn, I think Gellman erred by omitting a deeper discussion of Cheney's tenure in the Ford administration. Cheney's advocacy of orderly procedures for bringing issues and information before the President presents an interesting contrast to his record as Bush's Vice President, but the effect of Cheney's and Rumsfeld's combined efforts during Ford's Presidency was to bring American foreign policy to a grinding halt, something the politically crippled Ford accepted as the 1976 election campaign loomed but would probably not have allowed to continue had he beaten Jimmy Carter. What Cheney did then was at least as interesting as what he wrote, in terms of providing context for his Vice Presidency.
There are other omissions in Angler I found unfortunate. Gellman defends Cheney's probity, but does not discuss his advancement of the careers of his daughter and son-in-law, or the seven-figure book deal granted his undistinguished other daughter, Mary. A sense of personal rectitude, at least in financial matters, does not exclude an equally strong sense of familial entitlement. I've never understood why Cheney's critics did not use his patronage of his children against him; while I would not expect the same of a biographer, I was sorry to see the subject ignored completely.
Joe Biden and Barack Obama do not appear in Angler; John McCain has a bit part, Hillary Clinton rates one mention (for the precedent set by public access to the records of her health care task force when she was First Lady). I had a front row seat in the Republican Senate of President Reagan's time; its members were always careful to praise Reagan but frequently harrassed his administration over specific policies, and of course the Democratic House of that day did as well. Perceived administration encroachments on Congressional prerogatives were resented and resisted by both houses. The contrast to the doormat Congress faced by Cheney is glaring enough to merit more discussion than Gellman gives it, precisely for the reason Gellman gives himself in his discussion of the authority Cheney gained within Bush's administration -- he could not have taken it, if someone had not be eager to give it to him.
A critic should criticize, not merely praise, so I've done my duty here. Angler will stand among the small number of books, including Fiasco and Life in the Emerald City, that provide timely illumination of the way things worked in the calamitous Bush administration.
November 17, 2008 11:26 PM | Reply | Permalink