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Fast Forward

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Anybody who's heard George Santayana's aphorism is condemned to repeat it, but what good do historical parallels really do us right now?

We know there are uncanny similarities to the beginning of the Great Depression: as in the late 1920s, credit has locked up, for all the reasons we pretty much understand. We know that a pyramid scheme ran out of bottom, only homes, not stocks, were the bubbled assets. We know that some people made fortunes from the scheme, and inequalities in income are now a disgrace and a macro-economic problem: in the short term, not enough buying power is stored up in the middle-class, whose incomes have eroded; whose net worth has taken a hit with the stock market plunge. In the long run, if unemployment rises, there will be a further spiraling down of the consumption that prompts growth.

But we know other things, too. Why forget them, of all times, now?

We know that the speed of moving information and capital today is unimaginably faster than in the early 1930s.

We know that the barriers to entering new business are unimaginably lower: that about 60,000 new business were created every year in the 1950s, and a million a year are created these days.

We know that product development cycles, once a decade long, are now, in an age of shared networks for prototyping and component sourcing, months.

We know (as former HBR editor Joel Kurtzman notes) US productivity--constant dollars per worker--has grown from about $71,000 in 1998 to about $85,000 today; so the "all-in-price" for manufacturing in the US is, given the weakened dollar, starting to look like China's in many cases. (IKEA, for example, recently announced it would manufacture for the US market in the US, not China.)

We know that trillions in capital has been accumulated by Asian and Middle Eastern sovereign wealth funds, and that they have no ways to earn acceptable rates of return unless they invest here.

We know that, if we can keep up more or less current levels of employment, we can retard a new cycle of mortgage defaults, and thus allow the government, and the financial institutions it will own, to eventually redeem much of the paper it is acquiring at fire-sale prices.

We know that, since governments have studied the Great Depression, they will act to shore up banks and new lending. We know that most Western governments will be prepared to provide stimulus and new levels of coordination.

We know, then, that growth will not be hampered by an absence of capital, skill, or will; that the key is quickly coordinating the match of capital to the enterprises that can use capital productively; that we can quickly prompt the next cycle of growth.

We know that an Obama administration would have broad support for investment in health care, energy infrastructure, education, and roads, trains and bridges--thus stimulating the economy, and sustaining reasonably high levels of employment.

We know, in short, that even if we have another "depression," its half-life can be months, not years; that the same (astonishing) information networks that allowed not-sufficiently-regulated financial services corporations to get us into this mess over months, not years, will allow new investments to fund innovations in months, not years; but that we urgently need the US government to signal that it will not only be the partner-insurer of last resort, but the partner-investor of first resort.

Oh, there is something we don't know. It is, as George Packer reminds us, how many people plausibly terrified by this crisis, barely educated people, and thus anxious not only about unemployment, but unemployability--people fattened by fast-food, narcotized by junk television, incited against talking heads, hungry for a loyal father, unsettled by sexual teasing, consoled by healthy-minded religion, inspired by do-or-die sacrifice, suspicious of retaliating others, raging at "New York": people who think like 1930s mobs, but who also think "history" is for elitists--will be bringing their panicked prejudices, not their cool-headed interests, into the polling booth.


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. . . credit has locked up . . . .

What's your evidence that this claim is correct?

Don't bother answering. There isn't any.

I don't disagree, but doesn't the perception that this is true make it so? I mean, the usual indicators say we're not in a recession either. Aren't we though?

Everyone is now saying the credit freeze is true. Charlie Rose in the Volcker interview, other talking heads re: interbank lending... Didn't Roubini say it today? (Can't find the link).

We're lacking trust and confidence; isn't that enough to make everything freeze?

I really think we're fighting for the "Full Faith and Credit of the US Government" here. The election of President Obama is the only thing that can begin to wipe away this cloud of distrust right now I think.

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Volcker and Charlie Rose are no better informed than Will Rogers* ever claimed to be.

* "I only know what I read in the papers."

Had a feeling you'd say that after you trashed Andrew Ross Sorkin as a bull$hit artist last week... Hahaha...

The banks DO seem to be afraid of each other. But I've heard from one local bank CEO that they have money to lend still, and want to do small business deals. We'll see if SB Owners have the guts to go forward on expanding or starting a new company... Hmmm... So, yeah, things aren't frozen solid. But the fear has given everyone cold feet.

Of course this is true. Just check the difference between the LIBOR, the rate banks lend one another, and the FED rate. The FED is virtually giving money to the banking system, and yet banks are not lending to one another. But my point is precisely that this can rather quickly change. And is most likely to.

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I guessed this would be the answer -- typical conventional wisdom and typically, wrong.

LIBOR reflects what a bunch of "Panel Contributor Banks" in London guess they might have to pay if they were to borrow money.

But, of course, since those banks are getting all the money they need or want from the Fed via TAF, TSLC and PDCF, they have no reason to access interbank lending -- and they're not doing so.

So much for "LIBOR fixing" as telling us anything about the so-called "crisis."

Try another proof!

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I should add that whether one agrees with my analysis of the state of interbank lending or not, Mr. Avishi's claim was that "credit has locked up" -- not that interbank borrowing is expensive.

I assume the "credit" he was referring to is business working capital borrowings. The "health" of the interbank lending market tells us nothing about the availability of credit to businesses.

We should all demand evidence of denial of credit to businesses which can meet the reasonable requirements of lending officers before accepting Goldman Sachs and Citigroup's self-serving claims.

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For those interested in the issue of the reliability of LIBOR fixing, Yves Smith reports one man's opinion: "Are Central Banks Making Libor WORSE?"

Bernard: Thanks for connecting this to the lack of income growth and the disparity between top and bottom (there is no more middle class). That second paragraph was very clear and helpful.

That last paragraph is something else. Wow. I'm imagining a very angry, fat mob of uninformed people that believe in voodoo coming to bring down Wall Street. Huh. I somehow think that people are still too anesthetized & docile to truly revolt, but I like the idea. It's up to the Democrats to corral this impulse for good, before the GOP can.

I've been rambling, but I like the post. Will go read Packer.

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I like your pep talk and agree that it is not the end of the world. But must take exception to this:

We know that, if we can keep up more or less current levels of employment, we can retard a new cycle of mortgage defaults, and thus allow the government, and the financial institutions it will own, to eventually redeem much of the paper it is acquiring at fire-sale prices.

Today housing remains over-priced, prices will likely fall over the next year or so as much as they have already fallen. This means the number of defaults will increase also. Every mortgage that goes under water is another potential default. It remains possible that the $10 trillion in mortgages are being backed by less than $7 trillion or less in collatoral. No one is willing to put a price on today's outstanding paper. This part of the problem will continue to worsen for at least another year.

The big uncertainty is how many people who currently can make their mortgage payments make the financially sensible decision to walk away from their under water mortgages.

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Please state the foundation of your argument that "walking away" from a bad loan is a sensible financial decision. Also, please elaborate on what exactly you think people should do once they "walk away" from their loan, and how cities and towns should address the problem of becoming the de facto custodians of hundreds of thousands of empty properties nationwide.

Specific questions which you must answer in order to have a leg to stand on:

How will families deal with the disastrous drop in their credit rating which comes along with walking away? Please remember that renting involves having decent credit and a rather large security deposit. Discuss the impact of the fact that much affordable housing is now inaccessible because it's in foreclosure redemption, is for sale post-foreclosure, or stands next to empty properties being used by prostitutes and drug dealers.

How will families deal with the impact of having their neighbors walk away? One man who lives in a neighborhood hit hard by foreclosures has taught all his kids--right down to the two-year-old--to hit the floor when they hear anything that sounds like a gunshot. Sure, the sensible financial decision would be to walk away from his own upside down mortgage, but where exactly should he and his family go to start over? Back to Mexico?

There may or may not be a crisis in the financial markets, (and I suspect that Ellen is right that self-serving rumors of the financial crisis outstrip the crisis itself) but there is a genuine, serious, housing crisis out there.

Talk about voting against our own interest--letting "market forces" settle out this housing crisis is not in the best interests of any American who lives next door to any other American. I'm no John McCain fan--but at least he had the guts to suggest we fix the problem.

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ps Sorry to be a shrew about it--I'm just frustrated by the viewpoint that a solution is somehow about housing prices and not the stability of individuals, families, neighborhoods and cities.

So we'd waste some money incentivizing people to stay in their homes--big deal. We've spent more money on dumber stuff that had way less impact on our own well-being.

So we'd be "rewarding" the guy who was dopey enough to think he could afford the house next to yours. Gritting your teeth and letting him and his family stay there is still the best way to keep your home's value from tanking too while his sits empty if he walks.

The amount it would cost to engineer a fix of the housing crisis, while huge, isn't much by comparison with the cost of having millions of people on the move.

Wonderful post, Mr. Avishai.

I would add that we know funds moving out of the stock market are moving into bonds, treasuries, commodities, etc. There are losses, but all is not lost.

At its core, this is a crisis of confidence. Volker points out in his Charlie Rose interview that it is spreading to the consumer sector, which must be arrested before it leads to sharp spending cuts and then layoffs. Here's the link:

http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2008/10/9/1/a-discussion-about-the-economic-crisis-with-paul-volcker

Hopefully, on November 4th, those voters will think to themselves, do I want to elect someone freaking out like me, or someone with "no drama.", and the following day we'll know we've elected a leader with the temperament and intellect to understand and pursue policies geared to those internal improvements you discussed.

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At its core, this is a crisis of confidence.

Nope, at its core is that there are too many outstanding loans and insufficient income streams to pay the interest.

The so-called crisis of confidence is the realization our previous confidence in the credit markets was misplaced and that we must now face an ugly reality.

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There is one big difference between the situation in the 20s and today that should be mentioned. At that time the overwhelming majority of Americans were dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. At least 60-70%, and nearly all of those just on a few products, wheat, corn and cotton, primarily. And most of the rest depended, directly or indirectly, on selling products and services to farmers. So when crop prices collapsed it was like a body blow to the entire economy. Today the American economy is infinitely more diversified and there are many industries that didn't even exist back then, at least not on a large scale (travel and tourism, music, tv, movies, high-tech, automobiles, aviation, restaurants, pharmaceuticals and health care in general, etc). I don't think as many as 5% of Americans are dependent on any one industry for their living anymore, which is an enormous change. And, despite everything, many industries are still doing ok. Slowing down maybe, but not collapsing by any measure. So this diversity should significantly reduce the chances of a widespread depression and if it does occur, lessen its duration. By the same token, in 1929 there were only two stock markets that mattered, NY and London. Now there are a couple of dozen around the world. I know that they're all hurting to some degree, but it's difficult to imagine them all staying depressed for any length of time. This diversity ought to help a lot.

Yes, excellent point. Of course. And one could add that manufacturing was based on armies of factory workers, in a grand division of labor--like Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times, not myriad solutions and services businesses, with global markets and connections.

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Going out on a limb here, but I think what Ellen is saying is that this economic crisis is really not one. The pyramid schemes that some entities of the financial sector have been pedalling here and abroad have collapsed and the entities that have been so engaged want the government (us) to bail them out.

I can believe it. May sound wacko, but I've always believed that Lehman took it in the neck as a convenient way for Paulson/Goldman to get rid of some competition.

Ellen, there seems to be a misunderstanding here. The article you sent us to explains the LIBOR for October, and says "The problem is more than banks unwilling to lend to each other, they are also unwilling to borrow from each other. Banks can get all the funding they need (and then some) from their central bank so they do not need to seek a loan from another bank." All consistent with the fact that, a) banks have become distrustful of each other's assets, and b) the central banks have been trying to alleviate the problem by injecting liquidity. There may be some extra-curricular technical issues that need more explanation, but if what you are saying is that credit did not really lock-up, especially after Lehman failed, that major companies have not had to go directly to the FED, and that this whole think is a further Wall Street conspiracy to extort more billions, then even Wall Street critics like Paul Krugman have been rolled.

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Ellen might agree that an economist is an expert who can't explain to you tomorrow why what he forecast yesterday didn't happen today.

That said, almost to a person they're all projecting that Americans will be bottom-feeding for at least the next ten years.

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No misunderstanding here, Bernard, but --

When a reader 1) mischaracterizes the purpose of a commenter's link, 2) appeals to authority* rather than arguing from facts, and 3) introduces an implied accusation of paranoia/conspiracy in response to an argument he can't meet honestly, I can see how and why might "misunderstand."

* Krugman may be an authority on the question of the reliability of LIBOR fixing although I've never read him to say he is. I'd note that in other areas where he's not an expert -- commodity pricing, for example -- he's been willing to weigh in where angels fear to tread (note: he was wrong last summer employing contango to explain oil prices as demand generated; proved wrong by events we haven't seen a backwardation argument from him to explain the recent 60% fall in prices). Krugman ain't God!

"The Libor is meaningless." Bloomberg.com 9/24/2008

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Ellen, I meant no offense. If you have something to teach me, I am ready to learn. But I just read the article you linked to and, again, the clear implication seems to be that much higher LIBOR interest rates are not drawing investors from government securities, which pay much less. Why,is this, if not that banks are trusting only government bonds just now? (This is what my own money manager pointed me to, by the way, who told me that prevailing wisdom in the industry--something, I take it, you decry--looks at this spread to take the measure of the credit crisis. So there is--as another commentator suggested--a ramifying effect, even if the importance of the spread is exaggerated. Anyway, is there a larger point to your claim that the conventional wisdom is wrong? Should we be acting as if credit lock-up has not been a problem? What would that have meant--and might mean--for public policy?

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Why is it "that much higher LIBOR interest rates are not drawing investors from government securities"? Bernard Avishi

Because banks ("investors" have nothing to do with the question) aren't borrowing from interbank facilities (that is, other banks) when they can get cheaper money from their governments! Would you?

You are assuming a fact not in evidence, namely, that LIBOR reflects what it purports to.

LIBOR doesn't* and it hasn't (off and on for the past 6 months), because the banks haven't been using interbank lending. They've been relying on Central Banks (before this weekend, principally the Fed) to lend them all they require. THERE IS NO CREDIT CRUNCH, NO CREDIT CRISIS, NO CREDIT PANIC!

* An individual BBA LIBOR Contributor Panel Bank will contribute the rate at which it could borrow funds, were it to do so by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in reasonable market size just prior to 1100. BBA definition

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A poll -- directed especially to those who believe we're in the midst of a financial crisis because "banks won't lend to banks."

1) Where do you think the banks get the money that they lend to the banks? What makes you think so?

2) What do you think the recipient banks do with the funds they borrow from the banks? What makes you think so?

3) Do you believe that presently (or for the foreseeable future), these interbank lendings satisfy an important economy-wide function? What is it?

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A poll -- directed especially to those who believe we're in the midst of a financial crisis because "banks won't lend to banks."

1) Where do you think the banks get the money that they lend to the banks? What makes you think so?

2) What do you think the recipient banks do with the funds they borrow from the banks? What makes you think so?

3) Do you believe that presently (or for the foreseeable future), these interbank lendings satisfy an important economy-wide function? What is it?

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Well, it wouldn't be the first time. There was that problem in the leadup to the Iraq war when not a single consultant in Washington seemed to be able to spit out the information that Saddam Hussein had sidelined his WMD program after the first Iraq war, even though his son in law defected from Iraq and told us all so on 60 Minutes during the mid-90's. Strangely enough, without motivation and a framework in which to understand/spreak the truth, people often don't.

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Check out this video about Sarah Palin. It's crazy hilarious.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1exiyBYnJ00

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Syvanen - you are correct about the mortgages. Here I was referring to the crash on Wall Street, which is affecting all kinds of ordinary companies, and I didn't put it in the larger context. (I'm excluding the obvious - the financial sector, which should be taking a beating, but General Mills?).

The crisis should not have led to ordinary companies, but it has, and general investors, mutual funds, and pension funds are selling equities en masse and moving to "safer" investments.

That is the confidence issue I mean.

Make no mistake, however, as a former community banker, I believe the bailouts need to directly and immediately address the core problem (mortgages), not the derivatives at the top.

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. . . if credit lock-up [were admitted not to have] been a problem? What would that have meant--and might mean--for public policy? Bernard Avishai

It would mean that we'd pause, take a breath, and act sensibly instead of running around like chickens with our heads cut off while spending $700 billion (Treasury), $150 billion (Congressional add-ons), $1.8 trillion (FRB, currently), and who knows how much more but more for sure.

Here's how John P. Hussman, Ph.D. puts it, rhetorically:

1) How many people do you know whose bank has failed and have had any difficulty recovering their deposited funds? Anyone?

2) Do you personally know anyone whose money market fund has “broken the buck” and has not received the full assurance of the government that their claims will be paid in full?

3) Have you yourself had any difficulty making any transaction (not tightly related to your personal credit rating) in any aspect of daily life such as credit card purchases, grocery, gas, shopping, or for any other purpose.

If -- a big if -- money has to be funneled from the Fed to the real economy, there are many, many banks which are not in difficulty and which can perform the service: PNC, BB&T, Northern Trust, US Bancorp, even Wells Fargo to name a few. The big, defalcating Wall Street banks can be left to proceed on their way to where insolvent businesses always go.

I continue to be amazed and shocked that "expert" liberal economists, ordinarily proud of their skepticism, stand mesmerized, stupidly drooling, in front of a fantasy.

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Ellen - overnight lending allows banks and their correspondents to balance payments and meet reserve requirements - when one bank has more deposits than withdrawals, they can lend, and vice versa. They also must meet reserve requirements.

That is part of the story. Reserves can decline very quickly, and that is what has happened at Wachovia, WAMU, and others. The banks have an income stream from loans which is usually enough liquidity to fund operations. But when there is a sudden decline in that income (i.e lots of foreclosures) then the bank loses it's internal source of capital. Bank operations staff at small southeastern banks, for example, used Wachovia as a correspondent. But would you want to work with them right now? Their answer has been a resounding no. But the Fed has stepped in to fill this role, so don't misunderstand me - I am saying the basic payment system here is working, but is on backups. This isn't it, as Hussman is pointing out.

Short-term borrowing is the problem:

http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-calif3-2008oct03,0,5726760.story

When the state of California has to go to the Fed, there's some work to be done. I am in agreement, however, that the bill was not nearly as transparent and data driven as it should have been.

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Schwarzenegger to Paulson: "I panicked. Nevermind."

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Ok, so help me understand here.

The LIBOR is a measure which is supposed to allow us to draw conclusions about what is going on in the part of the financial landscape where banks borrow from other banks. It's a useful measurement unless 1) it isn't useful at all, meaning that the measurement happens to follow along with an activity rather than predict or explain it.

Or 2) Circumstances change, in which case one can no longer look at the conclusion and assume the circumstances.

Ellen, which do you think it is? Was the LIBOR ever a useful measure or have circumstances changed such that it's not useful at this time?

(To make an analogy--if we look at the decline in smoking related deaths over the past 10 years, we could conclude that fewer people are smoking, which would be the correct conclusion, or we could conclude that smoking is somehow less dangerous than it previously was, which would be the conclusion cigarrete makers would love us to draw.)

If the LIBOR doesn't tell us what is happening, what does? And is it irrelevant now that the stock market has rallied and we can all get back to wondering why Sarah Palin does that weird thing with her hair?

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In ordinary times LIBOR fulfills a useful purpose. It provides 1) a point of reference for parties negotiating a contract (for example, lending rates) and 2) a marker for future contract adjustments (ARMs, for example).

But today, when banks are borrowing from central banks and interbank lending is barely a tail on the financial dog, the LIBOR fixing rate is unreliable and the resulting TED spread should not be relied upon when 1) describing the health of the financial system (available lending and borrowing) or 2) scaring the people into taking actions in favor of the plutocracy and against their interests.

Before any one of our liberal public policy economists parrots the bankers' "Oh, my God! Look at the TED spread" and starts yelling "Fire" in the movie theater, I demand that he have, in hand, an academic paper proving that in times of destruction of bank capital ("insolvency" and not "illiquidity"), the TED spread has descriptive value.

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Ok so LIBOR isn't useful in current circumstances, and the TED spread, derived from the out-of-whack LIBOR, doesn't tell us what we think it's telling us. (I'm willing to do without the academic paper; I probably wouldn't read it anyway.)

Perhaps this is a new time, and the old measurements need to give way to new ones. What is/are current measures that might tell us what is happening--and what should be the response? I do think that if we are coming to the conclusion that everything is different, we ought to be able to say how, and provide an outline of how to deal.

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To prove a "credit crisis"? None, but don't despair --

As Alaska Sense points out the Fed has provided the banks with all the money ("liquidity") they require to keep banking system operations orderly. As Bernanke pointed out ---

But the U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost.

The authorities on behalf of the wealthy are pointing to bank "liquidity" which isn't a problem in order to solve a bank "insolvency" problem which is a problem only for the wealthy.

I like the way Mike Shedlock puts it:

To stimulate lending, the bailout plan will attempt to recapitalize banks. The method of recapitalization is best described as robbing Taxpayer Pete to pay Wall Street Paul. In essence, money is taken from the poor (via taxes, printing, and weakening of the dollar) and given to the wealthy so the wealthy supposedly will have enough money to lend back (at interest) to those who have just been robbed.

Meanwhile our liberal "experts" are sitting around nodding their heads in agreement.