Is the Crisis Real?
At a Harvard panel discussion yesterday, economics professor Ken Rogoff made an interesting point: The liquidity crisis isn't real. Or, to restate it: Any liquidity crisis is caused by the promise of a government bailout. Ken said that his many friends in investment banking said that there is plenty of money to invest in financial services, but right now it is "sitting on the sidelines." Why? Because the financial services industry does not want to pay the terms demanded. As he put it, why do business with Warren Buffett who will negotiate a tough deal, if you believe that the government will ride in soon with cheaper cash?
Ken also talked about the need to shrink the financial services sector. He thinks it is good that the investment banking houses are failing and many people on Wall Street are losing their jobs because, in his view, we have an oversupply in that sector and our economy just can't support it.
Ken's background with the IMF and on the Board of the Federal Reserve add a certain credibility to his assessment of conditions on Wall Street. If he is right, the $700 bailout is saving some investment bankers' jobs in the short term, but overall it is making the financial system worse.
It was a terrific panel: Nobel winner Robert Merton, Dean of the Harvard Business School Jay Light, Harvard economist and Chair of the President's Council of Economic Advisers-2003-05 Greg Mankiw, Harvard Business School Prof and long-time Goldman Sachs partner Robert Kaplan, and me. It might be worth listening to the webcast.
If you tune in, don't miss Ken's talk (he is fifth of the six of us). He is calm and funny, but there is no too-big-to-fail talk. Instead, he makes the whole rush-to-bailout look like a very bad idea.


Very good points. I wish that he had said such things 5 years ago.
September 26, 2008 7:17 PM | Reply | Permalink
The people with ready capital have no incentive to invest it either way, bailout or not. As more institutions collapse assets will be sold off at more favorable rates as well. No need to risk it now in tough negatiations at all.
I think they need to fail because the system stands a chance of getting fixed if they do. If the impact of their extremely poor and in many cases unethical business practices is lessened then the political will will not exist to make the needed regulatory changes.
The bail out, I am afraid, is the last desparate attempt by the Reaganomics standard bearers to stave off the meaningful regulation that needs to take place.
People are getting tired of the insanity of our Corporate pay strucutures. The CEO of WAMU worked for 3 weeks and will receieve total compensation of $18.5 million. CRAZY.
September 26, 2008 7:18 PM | Reply | Permalink
I don't mean to sound curt or crass but is he suggesting that the Treasury Sec, the Fed Chair and the President have said the sky is falling for dramatics?
If so why would they put the American public and the American economy at the side for drama?
I personally do not know enough about economics top weigh in with any sort of authority but it would seem to me that the 1st question to be asked by many of us in the public is, "do we believe that there is a problem with our markets?" Well from my perspective the markets have been unstable or volatile at best over the last year and a half or so. I am not any more crazy about the bailout than I think most Americans are from either side of the aisle or those in between, but our President and his Treasury Sec just announced last week that should congress not act, we might see a Depression. Those are very strong words and recognizing that the Global Marketplace is much more tied together than it was in the late 1920's, then if our President and his appointees turn out to be wrong then what they have done is tantamount to yelling fire in a crowded theatre. As much as I dislike Bush and his policies, I have a hard time seeing this as illegitamate.
What is your take exactly?
September 26, 2008 7:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
"I don't mean to sound curt or crass but is he suggesting that the Treasury Sec, the Fed Chair and the President have said the sky is falling for dramatics?"
Yes!
I don't know anything about economics either but you have to wonder what is going on when the Pres. gets on TV and says the American economy is collapsing unless we turn over our first born now(no wait, that was Iraq)and the next morning there is a run on WaMu for 16 Billion and that same day J.P. Morgan buys WaMu with the same ease you go out and buy the morning paper.
When a bunch of children hold hands full of marbles and one screams 'wolf' they all drop their marbles. In the scramble to collect them again some kids will end up with more marbles than they had. In this case George hopes the kids will all run home in fear and leave their marbles for him and Hank to play with.
I am being silly but that is the only way for me to deal with this.
September 27, 2008 9:11 AM | Reply | Permalink
Before we get too carried away by the Administration dramatics we should note that this is the same Administration (albeit different players) that insisted there were large stockpiles of "weapons of mass destruction" in Iraq, in spite of the lack of evidence.
Not to mention any of the other stuff (Plame Gate, illegal wiretapping, etc.) ...
You would think we know better by now than to take this guy at face value.
Which doesn't necessarily mean he isn't "right" this time, but does mean we should try to avoid stampeding into a worse situation.
September 27, 2008 6:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
So what is Rogoff's take on what happened last week, then? I have heard many traders and finance guys say this week that the capital market almost completely "froze up" and there was a situation of sheer panic about money market funds "breaking the buck". That was before the proposed bailout, so how does Rogoff's theory about the liquidity crisis being due entirely to the promise of a bailout account for that panic?
September 26, 2008 7:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
Morningstar explains the "how" of The Reserve Primary Money Market Fund's "breaking the buck."
Its investment in Lehman debt went to $0 which explains a penny of loss, and then, to meet redemptions it sold assets at fire sale prices which explains the other two cents of loss.
"Why" it lost those two pennies is not explained.
I'd guess it was acting to favor some big institutional investors with whom its managers have other business relations. Wanting to retain those preferred clients, the managers sold out the interests of the other fund investors in favor of their favored investor.
It was -- as the lack of problems at the hundreds and hundreds of other money market funds demonstrates -- a one-off event -- and possibly the result of fraud.
September 26, 2008 8:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
Ellen for Treasury Secretary! :)
September 26, 2008 8:27 PM | Reply | Permalink
I was under the impression that this money market fund had institutional shareholders only.
September 27, 2008 11:47 AM | Reply | Permalink
Yeah I heard a report on NPR which talked about "breaking the buck" and what not, and said that a entire conversation was supposed to be on the new "This American Life" over the weekend.
I am open to hearing another take on this bailout in terms of the government poneying up the money for it, so what is the other take? And don't be shy about the details, as I said I am not an economics wiz by any stretch.
September 26, 2008 7:53 PM | Reply | Permalink
Does this mean John McCain's blowing up the bailout deal with his suspension stunt was actually the best move for the economy?
Mr. Magoo caused some accidents along the way, but he always got to his destination. Is McGoo a mad genius? (I hope not.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plyWxrHLE14
September 26, 2008 8:03 PM | Reply | Permalink
I question the legitamcy on their claims because their actions run counter to their stated beliefs.
1. This crisis is largely a crisis of confidence.
2. Regulation is bad.
They are now ramping up fea, a key campaign tactic that they used to great affect in 2002 and 2004. If you are trying to restore confidence in the markets you don't go to congress and try to corner them into a bill you know they will not accept.
Bush in one speech on Wednesday stressed the crisis in confidence on one hand and the raised up the threat of Great Depression II on the other.
I get the impression that the repugs are ramping up fear, then running from supporting meaningful legislation to make the dems look incompetent for the election.
I can not believe the deregulate at all costs crowd, Bush, Cheney, McCain, Grover Norquist, Boehner and the rest of the reaganomics folks would EVER propose the largest Scoialist bailout in our history. It does not jive.
Ramping up fear and playing politics with fear does jive, they have a track record of doing that.
I believe there will be a financial crisis, but if we are going to spend our way out of it we should spend it on helping the people being innocently affected by the gamblers on Wall Street and saving their reckless skins.
September 26, 2008 8:09 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm not sure there's any contradiction in the proscriptions plumped by the Republican leadership.
Bush simply selects the policy which, at the time, will be most beneficial to the plutocracy ("Some people call you the elites; I call you my base.").
For years his "base" wanted deregulation; now, they want a bailout.
Hypocrisy? Sure; what else is new? But contradiction? Nah; standard operating procedure.
September 26, 2008 8:39 PM | Reply | Permalink
I meant not saving the gamblers reckless skins
September 26, 2008 8:11 PM | Reply | Permalink
Sure, but it's not good that people on Wall Street are losing their jobs, it's comeuppance. How many jobs have investment bankers cost people by agitating for fee-generating mergers that leave both workers and shareholders poorer in the end?
Heck, one reason why any public bailout by the government should include an equity stake is that the government, as a shareholder would then help to direct the activities of those banks -- to make sure they operate in a way that's better for society.
September 26, 2008 8:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hmm. Last week there was a liquidity crisis because people were scared the Fed and the Treasury wouldn't bail out failing institutions, now there's one because they hope they will.
In a weird way that makes sense, because both are about beliefs that assets will be stupidly misvalued, leading to lots of money for those who can get on the right side of the mistake.
Which of course suggests in turn that a finance-system restructuring plan that didn't involve stupid overpayment for assets would be better for the efficient functioning of markets in the short term as well as the long term.
So what happens in the current version when the equity accruing to the feds as a result of losses exceeds what's available? We just look the other way and call it a recapitalization?
September 26, 2008 9:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
This is a one drug cures all ailments crisis. The Repubs needed something to cause an atmosphere of fear so voters will go for the old fart with the experience and not the young upstart. The Repubs in Congress need a campaign issue - if they can con the Democrats into passing this terrible piece of legislation, at Bush's bidding, they will all vote against it, and run on the issue that the Dems gave away the treasury to Wall Street. If the Democrats don't pass something similar to the Bush request, they can run against the Democrats for failing to make any effort to save the nation in a time of crisis. It is pretty easy to understand, I think.
I doubt that the crisis is real. Businesses may fail, and several banks have now done so, but so what? Businesses need to fail when they make such bad mistakes. Meanwhile all of those dollars are still floating in the international market and some use needs to be made of them. So, they will continue to be available as loans, probably just with higher interest rates.
September 26, 2008 11:32 PM | Reply | Permalink
Basically either way many of you seem to agree that regardless of whether the problem is real or perceived, either way Bush is playing politics. If this is the case then I must say the media is having a hard time grasping it. Maybe i am missing something but the last couple of days of my online reading has been one where they Sky falling was a legitimate concern. It would appear hat everyone sees that the markets are unstable, they perceive that this could become a problem which affects the entire nation from top to bottom, but it would also appear that many in the online community and those that call their GOP rep's think this situation can sort itself out with little action from Washington. IF this is the case and even though it shouldn't surprise me the Bush Admin, regardless of whether this crisis is real or political theatre, has once again made me think even less of them.
It is a sad time to be an American, let's restore things, OBAMA 08'
September 26, 2008 11:43 PM | Reply | Permalink
Let's throw out another "Is This Crisis Real?" gambit.
Everyone talks about the huge TED spread -- the difference between the T-bill 3 month rate and the LIBOR -- as proof that there's a desperate credit crunch going on.
But there's nothing particularly sacrosanct or credible about LIBOR or any particular agreement about what it means.
For example -- and in contradiction of how the media describes it -- LIBOR tells us nothing about what rate banks will loan to each other. Why? Firstly, it's not based on actual loans, and second, it's based on what somebody in each of the sixteen or less London contributor banks estimates her bank would have to pay if it were to borrow that day shortly before 1100 GMT.
From the British Bankers' Assn. definition:
A. An individual BBA LIBOR Contributor Panel Bank will contribute the rate at which it could borrow funds, were it to do so by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in reasonable market size just prior to 1100.
Now, if you were a bank (presumably, half the "contributor" banks are American and Paulson promised to bail out foreign banks, anyway) which was looking forward to being bailed out by the taxpayers, it seems to me you'd have an interest in making the TED spread as large as possible to encourage the sense of panic.
Easily done. Just report your "best estimate" of what your cost of borrowings would be if you were to borrow and make it as high as you think you can get away with.
Notes: 1) Banks "contribute" the daily rate even though they may have no intention of borrowing, didn't borrow, and didn't get turned down at a rate lower than they report.
2)Since you didn't actually borrow, your rate "estimate" can't be challenged by a rate generated by a real transaction-- and you won't go to jail.
September 27, 2008 3:10 AM | Reply | Permalink
Someone else will have to do the other side -- the 3-month T-Bill rate.
I wonder if it's based on the Lehman Brothers 3-Month Treasury Bill Index -- which would be funny since the day Lehman went bankrupt, the TED spread soared. Maybe a disgruntled employee with a sense of humor decided to throw some sand in the gears and made up his own number.
Anyway -- never believe anything you read in the papers.
September 27, 2008 3:27 AM | Reply | Permalink
It is just the interest rate on the 3-month T-Bill although it used to be based on the futures.
September 27, 2008 3:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
Yes, but someone (organization) has to decide what the rate is (it does not appear out of the whirlwind all by itself).
So -- 1) who reports the rate, 2) what facts must be acquired before the ratecan be established, 3) where does the reporter go (look) to get these facts, and 4) what formula does the reporter apply to the facts to generate the number which is, then, reported as the 3-month T-Bill rate?
September 27, 2008 4:35 PM | Reply | Permalink
Offering amounts for 13-week bills...are announced each Thursday for auction at 1:00 pm on the following Monday and settlement, or issuance, on Thursday. .... Purchase orders at TreasuryDirect must be entered before 11:30 on the Monday of the auction.... Banks and financial institutions, especially primary dealers, are the largest purchasers of T-bills.
If you are looking to bookend your LIBOR analysis, check out who and what the primary dealers are.
September 27, 2008 7:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
The TED spread, though, would require a daily price for the 3-month T-Bill, wouldn't it?
It's available from the Fed in its H.15 Release.
But that release is published weekly, only. I still don't know where same-day figures from.
September 27, 2008 10:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
The primary dealers make markets in T-Bills and other government securities. Last time I paid attention to these games, you could get bid/ask/last on T-Bills in real time just like any other security. Isn't the daily rate used in the TED spread just their closing price?
September 28, 2008 12:13 AM | Reply | Permalink
You are always so informative on these issues. I would love to see a post by you, dedicated to a comprehensive analysis, dumbed down a bit more for those who are not experts in economics.
September 27, 2008 8:31 AM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks Professor. Interesting but not surprising news. I have thought throughout that since even little folk like me were aware of the fraud and conjob the Banks and Wall Street were perpetrating that it was unlikely to unravel the nation's economic system. They knew what they were doing and they know how big it was and when it was likely to start crashing down around them. Lo and behold it did!
They should pay for their malfeasance. If the financial industry needs help we'll know it when the time comes. I see no need for precipitous action. Curious that the Dems are the ones so eager to service Wall Street's needs isn't it?
This attempted heist of the Federal treasury has always struck me as one last giant robbery before Bush heads out the door on behalf of one of his favorite constituencies before they lose power.
September 27, 2008 4:07 AM | Reply | Permalink
The bailout is not a simple gift injection of capital. It is supposed to be a reverse auction where the taxpayers acquire assets. The problem with these assets is that their ultimate value is in doubt. The rationale for this buy-up, as I understand it, is to engage in a speculative exchange with taxpayer funds and so that the firms end up with an asset whose value isn't in doubt – treasury funds – and the taxpayers end up with assets whose value may end up being much more than they paid for them, much less than they paid for them, or somewhere in the middle. This is supposed to remove much of the doubt from the financial balance sheets, and increase liquidity.
Yes, there is a risk here. But I wish people wouldn’t constantly portray this risk as a simple matter of handing free money over to greedy Wall Street fat cats.
The blogosphere has been rife with this kind of ignorant populism for days. The problem here is the continued availability of capital, which is the lifeblood of our economy, and without which companies fail and jobs are lost. Democrats have always been about preserving jobs, modulating catastrophic "dislocation", and government intervention in the economy to smooth out the ruthless peaks and valleys and bitter disciplines of laissez faire "efficiency". It makes abundant sense that Democrats should be the first to step up here with proposals for vigorous governmental actgion. Why are so many Democrats suddenly in favor of creative destruction, hard landings, ruthless reorganization and painful shock treatment? This is a case of kneejerk vindictiveness run amok.
September 27, 2008 11:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
During the hearings, Bernanke conceded that nationalising insolvent intitutions was a viable option. He opined that too many people would oppose that option. Socialism don't you know!
September 27, 2008 9:42 AM | Reply | Permalink
What I see:
This crisis developed around the time it became clear McCain's bounce was not going to last.
Congress has only managed to come together and agree on a few substantial things, like transferring a trillion of taxpayer dollars to