Trickle Down...R.I.P.
Look for this obituary in tomorrow's paper:
Trickle-down economics died yesterday morning at 10AM. The cause of death was a data release from the US Census Bureau, but trickle-down had been ailing from lack of empirical support for decades. Also known as "supply-side economics," trickle-down was the love child of Ronald Reagan, Arthur Laffer, and Jude Wanniski. It is survived by Larry Kudlow and Co., and the editorial page of the Wall St. Journal.
That's what you should see, but you probably won't. Let me explain.
The Census Bureau released some new data on Tuesday that strongly contradicts supply-side, trickle-down economics, but the truth is that if this brand of hucksterism could be brought down by evidence, it would have died long ago.
First, the new data. Every year the Census Bureau releases info on middle-class incomes and poverty for the prior year. So today's release refers to last year's data. Median household income, inflation-adjusted, was up slightly in 2007, but poverty rose too.
But the annual data are not of great interest here. Since 2007 was the last year of an economic expansion that began in 2001, that makes it an economic peak: the last year of a cycle. Which means we can now, for the first time, compare the results from this peak to the peak of the prior cycle: 2000.
Economists like such comparisons because they evaluate a given outcome across similar years in the cycle. If you were to compare, say, trough to peak, you'd expect things to improve. But peak-to-peak is considered the legit way to compare like-to-like.
So here are some key peak-to-peak comparisons:
Real (inflation-adjusted) median household income was essentially unchanged between 2000 and 2007 (it was $300 lower last year than in 2000, but the difference is not statistically significant).
This is the first cycle on record where the real median household income failed to surpass its prior peak.
For working-age households, real median income is $2,000 below its 2000 level.
Poverty rates were 1.2% higher in 2007 than in 2000, up from 11.3% to 12.5%, an addition of 5.7 million to the poverty rolls. This is the worst cycle for poverty on record. The second worse was 1979-89, a decade also dominated by trickle-down economics.
What is trickle-down? It's the set of economic policies based on the notion that if you provide economic incentives to the wealthy by cutting their taxes (or, as the supply-siders put it, "letting us keep our money") while deregulating industry, you'll unleash a tsunami of economic activities that will enrich even the least advantaged among us.
The theory doesn't make sense even on its face. Why would people work harder only if you cut their taxes? After all, their after-tax income goes up, so they might decide they can work less and still be as well off. Or, if you raise their taxes, they might decide to work harder to make up the after-tax losses.
No matter...this stuff is not based on logic. It's largely a rationale for upward redistribution that's been kept alive by the vested interests who benefit from it. Reagan put this stuff on the map, but GW Bush brought it back with a vengeance, and McCain goes even further. He extends the supply-side Bush tax cuts, and lards on about $75 billion more in corporate tax cuts on top of that.
The evidence from the 1980s and the 2000s shows that trickle-down works fine, if by "down" they mean "up." But is there any counter-evidence that shows the impact of a different policy regime on middle-class and low-incomes?
Exhibit A is the 1990s. When he came into office, Clinton eschewed supply-side, cutting taxes on lower-income households and raising them at the top end. Obama takes a similar approach.
Now, take a look at Figures 5 and 6, and especially Table 2 in this document, drawing on today's report from the Census. There you will see evidence of the strong real growth in median incomes and sharp declines in poverty that occurred over the 1990s, contrasted with the opposite trends in the 2000s.
Remember those working-age households that lost a couple of grand in the 2000s? Their income was up 10%, or $5,200 in the 1990s (1989-2000). Had this growth rate prevailed in the 2000s, their median income would have gone up $3,600 instead of falling $2,000.
Note that these results are strongest for minorities. The median household income of African-American households grew 22% in the 1990s and fell 5% in the 2000s. Note also the poverty results from black children (Table 2 from the above link). If evidence were bullets, trickle-down would perish in a pool of blood.
Yet, its obit is premature. It lives on in the Republican platform, the right-wing think tanks, and conservative media (really, in the mainstream media...you may recall that during a Democratic primary debate on ABC, Charles Gibson claimed that due to the magic of supply-side, capital gains tax cuts pay for themselves).
Frankly, I'm not sure how to kill it, and am earnestly interested in any ideas you might have for exposing and discrediting this deeply damaging ruse. In the meantime, the best we can hope for is to throw its practitioners out of the White House and Congress.


I am mystified that anyone who is reasonably intelligent and not excessively wealthy could ever have bought the supply-side economics theory. I hope that during this campaign season specific focus will be given to such statistics and the foolishness of that theory and how McCain buys it lock stock and barrel. It's an excellent way to get into more detail regarding economics and go hard on McCain at the same time.
August 27, 2008 12:14 AM | Reply | Permalink
Bademus,
don't you understand that 200 million Americans are now in the market??? And that they receive capital gains and dividends?????
I bought 2 shares of Halliburton last year and received dividends, and when I sell them I will receive capital gains, just like Dick Cheney with his Halliburton stock!
August 27, 2008 2:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
zombie economic theory. no facts, no data, needed. only a copy of Ayn Rand's collected works.
August 27, 2008 12:17 AM | Reply | Permalink
Ha! Awsome comment!
August 27, 2008 12:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
Trickle-down, voodoo, supply-side, whatever, economics will go away when it's believers do.
There's a whole American generation that pinned their economic woes on a nebulous but nefarious notion of "government" and "regulation." This economic theory allows people to blame someone else for bad times, and in good times applaud themselves. It's narcissism under a facade of economic theory. It's what lots of people want.
So yeah, I'm not holding my breath. It's very tempting to believe that everything that goes wrong is someone else's fault ("Recession? Too much government!"), and that every good thing is borne of the self ("Economic growth? I'm my self determination!").
Simply put, supply-side economics isn't about economics at all. It simply makes people feel good, and as such, people will continue believing in it.
August 27, 2008 12:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
...should read:
August 27, 2008 12:45 AM | Reply | Permalink
thanks for this article!
August 27, 2008 1:18 AM | Reply | Permalink
Don't trickle down on me and tell me it's raining
August 27, 2008 1:24 AM | Reply | Permalink
Economists like such comparisons because they evaluate a given outcome across similar years in the cycle.. Jared Bernstein
This sentence is at the heart of Jared's argument, but the visually apparent "like-to-like" equivalences must always be qualified by the phrase ceteris paribus -- that is, all variables being made equivalent except the one being "evaluate(d)."
Economists know (as do we all) that many "outcomes" are different from one period to another, but they do not know what caused those differences, because they do not have the tools necessary to "make all things the same."
Economists are only advocates who marshal such facts as seem to them to support their favored policies and disregard those that appear not to.
August 27, 2008 2:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
...but they do not know what caused those differences...they... are only advocates who... disregard those that appear not to...
And your point is?
With or without evidence of causation, the presence of *economic conditions declared mutually exclusive by the purveyors of Fat Freddy Hayek's Government Bustout Bushwah at least undermines the intellectual pretensions of the said school of hollowed out polity.
*eg, the cited Clinton era growth and the Clinton tax policies. Whether the latter caused the former is irrelevant to rebutting the accuracy of the hysterical claims that they would, upon enactment, prevent the same.
August 27, 2008 2:56 AM | Reply | Permalink
My assertion was directed at all economists (right and left).
Neither the proponents nor the opponents of the 1990 and 1993 tax policies can show the effects of those enactments.
Note: the fact that the opponents of Clinton's 1993 tax policy (which, by the way, may well have cost us the House in 1994 and which Clinton later backed away from) were wrong to claim that it would prove to be an economic disaster doesn't prove that raising taxes caused the economic good times. Indeed, for all we and our economist friends know raising taxes may have limited the extent of the economic recovery which was caused by altogether different facts and circumstances having nothing whatever to do with tax/fiscal policy.
August 27, 2008 12:55 PM | Reply | Permalink
Do I understand your comments correctly: since we can never hold constant all variables save one we can never know (with certainty) the true effect of changing the one varying variable? So since we do not know with certainty, we do not know. Certainly such demands for rigor will devalue (all?) studies in everything but logic and math.
August 27, 2008 2:50 PM | Reply | Permalink
Not so.
We're not talking a dogmatic Vicianism*, here. Physicists, par exemple, have the tools (quantum mechanics probability); economists have simplistic charts and cartoons.
* “To introduce geometrical method [back then it was Cartesianism] into practical life is ‘like trying to go mad with the rules of reason’."
August 27, 2008 3:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
Even physicists can't hold constant all the variables except the test variable. They have to rely on assumptions -- theories-- about what variables are relevant. Economists are entitled to do the same.
August 28, 2008 5:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
They don't have to. They can rely upon experiments to prove their forecasts.
But since economists, when searching for the effects of policy, can only compare past data, they're obligated to reduce those data to equivalences -- you know, apples and oranges.
August 29, 2008 1:51 AM | Reply | Permalink
Ya but we're really richer now, because we all have iPods, or something.
August 27, 2008 4:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
The myth will only die when the super wealthy who pay for its continuance cease funding the think tanks and academic departments that promote it.
The continuing nonsense that emerges from Cato, Hoover, Heritage, Chicago and the rest of the group is funded by Scaife, Koch and the rest of the gang. They still have some unfulfilled objectives and aren't about to give up the fight.
Principal among them are a permanent repeal of the estate tax as well as preferential treatments of the type of income they receive (capital gains, dividends, sheltered off-shore earnings, etc.)
The economic policy in this country is, effectively, being run for the benefit of a few hundred people - the top tenth of one percent.
One can wield a lot of influence when one's personal fortune is $18 billion (two Koch brothers, four Waltons).
Nothing on the horizon is visible to change this dynamic. A bit of fiddling with the estate tax and payroll taxes won't make a dent.
What is needed is a generation long effort, similar to that in the UK which got rid of the landed gentry, to eliminate huge accumulations of inherited wealth. There is no political will to do this.
August 27, 2008 9:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
Oh I don't know, seems to me such myths will never end until they stop teaching the American Revolution in public schools. Lots of people simply don't like big far-off governments and will always look for arguments to further prove that it's a bad idea to send money to them. They don't need think tanks to convince them. Like you get angry about "landed gentry," they get angry about "eminent domain."
August 27, 2008 1:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
Professor Bernstein overlooks the real effects of lower taxes on incentivizing marginal output.
Trickle down was never a legitimate economic theory in anyone's mind apart from those in Prof. Bernstein's post. But there is enough of a grain of substance there to make it serve as an effective rationale for all sorts of economic mischief.
August 27, 2008 10:19 AM | Reply | Permalink
I'm disappointed that the writer will not acknowledge (to my reading at least, and please correct me if I'm wrong...) the fact that the upper income bracket and the wealthiest DO in fact create jobs and reinvest, at least when they are not shipping jobs overseas or fighting regulation of any kind (but that's at least two other debates...).
August 27, 2008 11:49 AM | Reply | Permalink
Fixed that for you - my edit in italics.
August 27, 2008 12:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thank you.
Among all the other stories that swirl around in the election cycle this is probably the most important and least covered. By any measure supply side economics is a failed theory, one which has cost the US nearly 5 trillion dollars in debt to prove wrong. McCain still says that we need tax cuts to promote new economic expansion even though it has not worked in the last 8 years. The cost of these policies over the last 8 years is 250 billion in interest payments every year, that is roughly the carrying cost of 5 trillion in debt. This is truely wasted money, that 250 billion does not go to infrastructure or back into the US economy in any way.
Why would you look for advice on economic policy from wall street and cnbc. Thats like asking a group of 18 year olds to write drug and alcohol policy. Wall street will always look for fewer rules, less oversight, and easy access to money. The only help they want from the government is bailouts.
August 27, 2008 12:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
How do you know that absent the Bush tax cuts the weak economic expansion we've experienced over the past eight years wouldn't have been even less robust?
August 27, 2008 1:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
Well Ellen,
An interesting take. Ignore the real damage done to the economy and speculate it could have been worse without the actions that precipitated such damage.
August 27, 2008 3:44 PM | Reply | Permalink
What damage?
And please respond with the respect to the issue Jared is discussing -- namely, the Bush tax cuts.
We can discuss the deleterious effects of the Bush anti-regulation regime and the disastrous effects of Clinton's reappointment of Greenspan in a thread dedicated to those issues.
August 27, 2008 3:55 PM | Reply | Permalink
Sure, the Bush tax cuts, Especially the capital gains cut from 28% to 15% has widened the divide between the ultra rich and the rest of us. That in itself is not damage, but certainly not something to be proud of. The real damage comes from the 8 years of deficit spending that was caused by the tax cuts. That lost revenue was never made up by spending cuts, nor was it realistic to think it might have been possible to do so without 2 wars and terroroist attacks. The budget shortfall is projected at 500 billion before factoring in another 100 billion for war spending. 600 billion dollars, or roughly $2,000 owed by every man woman and child in this country. In 8 years these tax cuts have caused a doubleing of our national debt from 5 trillion to nearly 10 trillion dollars. The annual carrying cost for that is roughly 500 billion dollars factored into the budget that is wasted. For perspective, the budget for the entire department of defense is 600 billion dollars a year.
The US is close to economic collapse due to irresponsible tax policy. We can no longer sell enough bonds to cover the shorfall so money is printed, or more commonly loaned to commercial banks from assets the treasury does not have. This has caused a skyrocketing inflationary price spike as well as the devaluation of the US dollar, thereby wiping out a good percentage of peoples savings.
That is my perspective, now please tell me how the tax cuts have helped our economy.
August 27, 2008 6:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
The phrase "helped our economy" is argumentative (or perhaps, just meaningless).
If by that phrase you mean to answer the question of whether our economy grew after something occurred, then, the tax cuts "helped our economy" by stimulating consumption and money velocity which led to a growth in GDP.
August 27, 2008 6:20 PM | Reply | Permalink
So are just here to be contrarian, or do you have something to contribute?
August 27, 2008 6:58 PM | Reply | Permalink
Let me see if I can "contribute," RE, by straightening out your unsophisticated view of the federal debt and what part it plays in the economy.
To begin with you should notice that approximately 44% of the federal debt is held by the government and a like percentage of the interest on that debt is, therefore, a bookkeeping entry, only. Further, a government debt of $5 trillion is hardly likely to cause an "economic collapse" in a $14+ trillion economy.
You should also notice that while the portion of the federal debt not owed to itself has grown by about 2/3 over the past eight years to $5+ trillion, the household debt of Americans has doubled to over $14 trillion over those same years (business debt is up almost 50% to $10+ trillion).
This increase in debt -- both public and private -- is necessitated by the negative balance of trade the United States runs. It's an accounting identity. The money we pay out to foreigners must come back and it will come back primarily in the form of loans to Americans and their government who, together, must run a deficit. How much deeper in debt do you want American households to go?
Your hysterical debt rant makes you sound like Pete Peterson, the "Crusader in Clover", whose principal worry is that his estate may wind up having to pay off the SSTF bonds.
August 28, 2008 3:59 AM | Reply | Permalink
Well, actually trickle-down died (or should have died) in 1929.
August 27, 2008 1:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
Only to make its reappearance with JFK's tax cuts which opponents argued unduly benefited the wealthy and were based on trickle-down economics theory to which claim, he famously answered, "A rising tide lifts all boats."
August 27, 2008 1:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
Ellen,
A rising tide may have lifted all boats then, but I'm not so sure that applies roday. A rising tide today seems to rise the boys in the corporate board rooms compensation packages with peanuts trickling down to the average taxpayer.
August 27, 2008 3:12 PM | Reply | Permalink
It does seem like a rising tide would lift all boats, but in order for that to be true, shouldn't the tide be rising in all the ports, not just the oil company ports?
And, if across time and Presidents, as well as the Congress factor, history shows a rise in wealth and wealth equality distribution under some form of Democratic rule, then economists do have a basis for their pronouncements, don't they?
August 27, 2008 9:00 PM | Reply | Permalink