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JKG & The Present Moment

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James Galbraith's brilliant critique of Thomas Sowell's bad mouthing of his father is well timed. JKG's "The Affluent Society" should be manadatory reading for anyone trying to plumb the confusion of our current economic slump.Galbraith pointed out that there would come a time when, "It can no longer be assumed that welfare is greater at an all-around higher level of production than at a lower one. The higher level of production has, merely, a higher level of want creation necessitating a higher level of want satisfaction."

Galbraith's assertion that the perfection of modern advertising in creating desire for products we didn't know we needed puts the modern American member of the middle class in the position of the gerbil on the tread wheel: running faster and faster, but making no progress in relation to his neighbors. The end result of this mall driven culture has been an average negative personal savings rate (two years running) for the first time in the history of the United States. Because Americans have relied on the equity extraction from their homes to pay for their lifestyles, the arrival of the housing market crash comes at a particularly inappropriate time. The millions of foreclosures taking place across our land are mute testimony to the end of a cycle. An end that Galbraith feared would collapse the whole house of cards built on "want creation", throwing the modern American off the treadmill.


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You're blaming this on advertising? Seriously?

Americans work harder than ever before. They work longer hours, take less vacation time than they should and they've turned in record productivity over the last 2 decades. So why in the heck shouldn't they demand more creature comforts? It's not that people have been swindled into wanting what they don't need it's that they're working hard enough that they feel they deserve better. And... they do. If the economy isn't supporting that, then it's the economy that's the problem. Don't blame the American people for their legitimate and deserved desires.

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Wow, that was pretty cool. We get to see the right-wing switcheroo tactic at work in just one paragraph, from "You're blaming this on advertising?" to "Don't blame the American people for their legitimate and deserved desires."

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Oh, I dunno, I like destor's point...there is a long WASP Puritan ruling class tradition of looking down on bourgeois desires, greed being a deadly sin best handled by the upper classes, leaving the salt of the earth barefoot, pregnant and unencumbered with all those material goods that they don't have the good taste to appreciate, and the financial instruments that they cant' possibly understand. And that's without getting into all those communist experiments of the past where the ruling politboros "tested" some of the fruits of capitalism so that the people would not have to be exposed to their evil...

All the Chinese don't really need washing machines, either; don't actually even need a washboard, the rocks on the river work just fine.

By the way, is that a computer you're communicating with? How old is it, when did you last update?

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Ka -- Zing!

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Sure Dave... I argued for higher living standards and went so far as to say that if the economy won't support them then the economy should be regulated so that it does and you call me a conservative?

Taplin's the one arguing that hard working people should go without. That's the right wing position.

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Did we read the same post?

I've gone back and reread it twice now trying to see how you concluded that Taplin was arguing that hard working people should go without.

All I see is Taplin quoting and paraphrasing JKG's 1958 critique of consumerism. Criticizing consumerism was very popular among the chattering classes and public intellectuals of the 50's - not all of them WASPs;-}

My favorite critque was a fanatasy/sci-fi story about a couple's retirement party. The twist at the end was that they could finally retire from the mandatory consumption required to keep their economy growing. I wish I could remember the title and author.

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I guess I should add that I haven't yet read The Affluent Society, only excerpts, reviews, etc. so it may well be the best critique of consumerism ever.

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So how did we get from blaming advertising to blaming the American people -- in one paragraph? Which is it that you say he's blaming?

As a marketing professional, I have to ask what you know about advertising and the science of "demand creation" if you think advertising doesn't create demand? Also, why do you think the big corps spend billions and billions of dollars on it?

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Don't blame the American people for their legitimate and deserved desires.
Having been in the used sporting goods business for 10 years "legitimate and deserved desires" has nothing to do with it. Go to local landfill and watch what people throw away. At some point in your life one discovers that "stuff" will not bring happiness. I highly recommend that you all go to the website The Story of Stuff and watch the series of videos to understand what consumerism has done to our society.
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The real question is whether the things we buy these days contribute to a higher standard of living.

Do McMansions, SUVs and not one but three thin-screen TVs really provide comfort to many people?

I also recall JKG pointing out that while we pour money into our private spaces, we (unlike many Europeans)put very little money in our public spaces,which means that outside the mansion's moat, streets are dirty, train stations and subways often are neglected, and while some parks are maintained, many are not.

Of course different peolple take pleasure in different things, but if you go into a mall and look around, it does seem that we are buying a lot of junk. And certainly, advertising does help us decide what we want.

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But Maggie, McMansions and SUV's are so over. The real estate definition of "location, location, location" is already switching to "near mass transit" in many areas, and the new hot "must have" in Manhattan, hints this week's New York Magazine, is a geothermal well....watch windmills quickly become a status symbol elsewhere....

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the url for the link that didn't work:
http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/49136/

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For those with further interest in the McMansion thing, Matthew Yglesias did a post yesterday inspired by the recent Freakonomics colloquium on future of suburbs; it has an interesting discussion in comments.

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Taplin's the one arguing that . . . . destor23

Not to come to Taplin's defense (Oh my God, never!) but he's really not doing much more than paraphrasing ideas set forth in The Affluent Society.

There, Galbraith, père, posited a competition between private, consumer goods and public goods and importantly, asserted that the private goods were winning due to the power of corporate sponsored advertising in developing heretofore unknown wants.

Galbraith's solution was the imposition of consumption taxes to level the playing field -- although he didn't use that phrase.

Was he right?

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Heretofore = From now on.

Hitherto = Up until this point.

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Pharmaceutical companies have taken to "advertising" their drugs directly to the public via television ads.

I think it was in Public Citizen that I read we now have any number of people demanding, at times against their Doctor's wishes, that their Doctor write a prescription for the drug the patient saw "advertised" on TV.

People don't know anything about the drug's side effects or any adverse reaction to other drugs they're taking.

I'm not referring to people in here who are generally educated and rational, I'm referring to the public HL Mencken saw.

By the way, Advertising got us the Bush/Cheney gang.

Pre-emptive strike ~~~> No, not all advertising is bad.

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we now have any number of people demanding, at times against their Doctor's wishes, that their Doctor write a prescription for the drug the patient saw "advertised" on TV.

Even with those hideous smiling-voice disclaimers at the end of each commercial? Why would anyone ever want to take any prescription medication again after hearing a few of those?

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Emma asks;


"Even with those hideous smiling-voice disclaimers at the end of each commercial? Why would anyone ever want to take any prescription medication again after hearing a few of those?"

I refer you to HL Mencken;

"No one ever went broke underestimating the taste of the American public. ... Nor has anyone ever lost public office thereby."

or

PT Barnum (supposedly): "There's a sucker born every minute."

:-)

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It's hard to think of something as absurd as allowing direct advertising to the public of prescription medications, beyond p.r. announcement of new introductions or new uses. The public has to go to a professional advisor (the prescribing doctor) to get the item, an advisor that, if he/she does his job correctly, decodes the advertising for them. Most of the current advertising is based on the hope that advisor not executing his professional responsibilities correctly. I wonder sometimes how much Cialis gains from the advertising by Viagra and vice versa.

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I honestly believe that Pharma would prefer that silly doctors were out of the way and the FDA was disbanded so they could better peddle their snake oils to the people. So, the stuff might kill ya...no biggie it only happens in 'rare cases'. And besides it MUST work just fine or they wouldn't be allowed to advertise it on TV, right? ;-)

It'll grow back your hair, cure your acne and you'll have the virility of an 18 year-old...and who doesn't want that? I guess the next pill is gonna be the 'stay in shape without having to do the exercise' one being developed. And the less time people have to put into exercising is the more time they can be in front of their TV being informed about all the things they just need to have.

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Prescription medicines and controlled substances are a fairly recent phenomenon, last half-century or so. Prior to that ordinary people could buy, make, grow and use practically anything they wanted, except alcoholic beverages which were controlled for tax revenue, not medical reasons.

I am all for a vigorous federal agency that tests new substances and provides comprehensive information to consumers but totally against restricting adult access to anything that doesn't present a clear and present danger to the general public health.

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I have no problem with that Emma as long the drugs aren't being misrepresented in terms of the whether there are any dangerous side effects or claimed benefits that don't eactually xist.

And we can have a whole different discussion about 'controlled substances' that isn't completely germaine to this discussion. But safe to say there is a level of hypocrisy involved in what we are allowed to ingest and what we aren't (i.e. cannabis vs. alcohol). Most of it has to do tax revenues and profits that can be made and by who.

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Gimme an Rx!

What happens when the "professional advisor" is "Blinded by the Light"?

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Big Pharma is first and foremost in the business of making money, lots of it. Case in point: A number of nasty bacteria have recently surfaced and are successfully killing people as I write. Many Big Pharma corporations have basically shut down research on antidotes to bacteria (resulting in no cures for the new bacteria.) Why? Because antidotes to bacteria kill the bacteria so who needs any continuing medication. On the other hand, the types of meds advertised on TV treat ailments that will last a lifetime. Naturally it's those drugs where all the research money is going.

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Correct me if I am wrong but it seems like the strength of the American economy, at least when the issue is discussed in the MSM, depends solely on the consumption of the American people. Not by what we produce/export, our real wages or our standard of living...only by how much we spend.

It always struck me as funny that after 9/11 the first thing Bush exorted the American people to do was 'go to the malls'...but now it becomes obvious why.

But as long as we remain an import/consumer dominated economy we will continue to fall further behind the rest of the world. The wealthy will continue to do well while the rest of us get squeezed more...because you don't rate until you get that big screen plasma TV that your neighbor just got talked into buying and neither of you really can afford. Don't forget all TV signals go digital next year...so remember to rush to the store and buy all the new stuff you're gonna need for that.

The economy DOES depend on consumption, but in order to increase consumption, the consumers have to have increased income.

Only -- for the last generation all of the income gains from increased productivity have gone to the very wealthy, who already have more than they could ever need. So they invest that increased income.

Since the best opportunities to invest are in places where consumers have more money to spend, the wealthy invest it outside the US, creating more jobs there and increasing the amount of income lost to the (harder working) American workers/Consumers.

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That, in essence, is what I was saying even if the US is still considered one of the best consumer markets in the world. All I was really pointing out was how the issue is being presented to the American people. In the MSM all that gets talked about is consumption. It seems like the American people are being manipulated into thinking that we can 'shop' our way out of this economic downturn by taking on more personal debt, while investments and jobs are being created in countries other than here.

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Just one more thought. They way advertisers operate reminds me of the sub-prime lenders. They convince people they can have things which they really can't afford and the credit card companies are more than happy to be there providing easy credit for everybody to ensure that all can buy beyond their means. And the MSM is the primary platform used to promote irresponsible consumption...the whole system operates like a well oiled machine. It is almost as impressive as watching Discovery Channel shows where lions chase down a doomed impala...predators and their overmatched prey.

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The advertising - and its efficacy - feeds into JK's emphasis on planning.

GM doesn't invest billions into assembly lines, logistics, labor etc etc, then on the day they start producing, just wish like hell someone shows up to buy one. Does anyone really need the 'information' that GM does in fact produce cars, and will happily sell one to you?

Conservatives have an odd way of defending the critique of advertising: the simply say it really doesn't 'manipulate' people the way liberals say. At which point I might ask why McCain bothers with ads.

Still, even given advertising's efficacy (click through tracking of web ads will soon give us concrete numbers on their effectiveness) a "Hidden Persuaders" ( by Vance Packard of chattering class 1950's fame)critique doesn't fully explain the 'rat race' of consumption.

I think James KG would agree that concepts from Thorstein Veblen (conspicuous waste, conspicuous liesure etc) help explain much of our 'rat race.'

The 72month auto loan, the auto lease, the interest only mortgage - all of these innovations are means to an end, which is to display to the world that you're propserous and elite.

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Or the "interest only mortgage" is a means to the end of getting your children into a better school district in order that they will have a better life than you did.

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Excellent point. We have an education system that says your kid will get a rotten education - or at least rotten funding - if your house isn't worth much.

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I've been saying for some time now:

Marketing is the root of all evil.

And you can quote me on that.

-- ARG

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"Marketing is the root of all evil." ARG in Chicago

"It can no longer be assumed that welfare is greater at an all-around higher level of production than at a lower one. The higher level of production has, merely, a higher level of want creation necessitating a higher level of want satisfaction."
An end that Galbraith feared would collapse the whole house of cards built on "want creation", throwing the modern American off the treadmill.
So before the onslaught of relentless advertising there were no foreclosures, credit crunches, bubbles, and unemployment? I don't think so.

This blog has been a real eye opener for me. I had no idea there so many people ready, willing, and able, to tell me what my definition of a "need" should be. Now if only one would demonstrate the smarts to predict what the next breakthrough will be and how it's going to happen. But alas, that's not going to happen.

What genius would have seen the evolution of the cheap transistor radios to solar power, and simultaneously have the business and engineering acumen to make it happen? Why none. It's a good thing teenagers didn't care what JKG thought about anything.

For that matter one could easily argue that life was sufficient with no modern machinery of any sort. A car was certainly a luxury at one time, horses are just fine and more natural to boot. We can certainly live without television and computers, or even electricity. People have done it for... all of history except for the last hundred years or so.

Yea, what do you say gang, let's move forward by moving backward.

And one more thing, do those savings rates you mention include the billions upon billions going to into 401k programs? I'm pretty sure they don't. If not then....

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Do you really believe that continuing human progress is dependent on the current economic paradigm, that we have reached the end of economic history so to speak? Do you really have such a low opinion of mankind that you think this is the best we can do? Are you really so vested in the current dogma that you regard even discussions of alternate possibilities as heresy? These are the impressions I got from your rant.

I would argue that it is you and others like you who stifle economic debate and hinder economic progress. Sometime before or during the Cold War, economic theories were transformed into belief systems, isms. Debate and experimentation mostly ended, at least here in the United States.

Anything government related with a whiff of cooperation or planning to it was smeared as Communism, as was any attempt to have capital and corporations pay the same tax rates as labor and individuals. Ironically corporations, mutual funds and insurance pools are considered bastions of capitalism yet all are collectives in which resources are pooled and profits divied up among participants. They seem to work quite well most of the time.

Sure there are some things problematic about planned and cooperative government programs but would it not be better to address the actual problems rather than cutting off all debate and experimention? Isn't trial and error how most progress is made?

Economic systems are nothing more than the means to provide those participating in them with their needs and wants, in that order. It may be that capitalism is the best economic system that has ever been but is it the best that will ever be? How will we know if we can not discuss and experiement?

I would argue that it is you and others like you who stifle economic debate and hinder economic progress. Sometime before or during the Cold War, economic theories were transformed into belief systems, isms. Debate and experimentation mostly ended, at least here in the United States.
To-MA-to, To-MAH-to. What I saw from Cold War opponents economics involved, poverty, mass murder, government by political correctness, and totalitarian excess. And you saw... well actually what ARE you seeing that should be adopted?
Economic systems are nothing more than the means to provide those participating in them with their needs and wants, in that order. It may be that capitalism is the best economic system that has ever been but is it the best that will ever be? How will we know if we can not discuss and experiement? Posted by Emma Zahn
Heh. What exactly do you have to offer, that hasn't recently been demonstrated? I believe every flavor of economic systems is operating somewhere, do you have something new and different, or the same old song and dance. I'm all ears.
Do you really believe that continuing human progress is dependent on the current economic paradigm, that we have reached the end of economic history so to speak? Do you really have such a low opinion of mankind that you think this is the best we can do?
Sure there are some things problematic about planned and cooperative government programs but would it not be better to address the actual problems rather than cutting off all debate and experimention? Isn't trial and error how most progress is made?
My point is that nobody here is smart enough to substitute for the function of trial and error performed by the millions of individuals each and every day. I've noted Al Greenspan and Al Gore(ethanol) for planning that has since been discredited, but not before billions were lost and lives ruined. When you have big systems that are untried, they can blow up - and, they take a lot of people with them. Central planning doesn't lend itself to serendipity, and is more likely to squash any possibility of it occurring. No thanks.

Savings are at

...an average negative personal savings rate (two years running) for the first time in the history of the United States.

No surprise, that. It's part of the last generation's fleecing of the American middle class.

Advertising and the carefully cultivated belief that every successful American will live better than his/her parents are part of the story, but there's more.

For the last three decades the provision of all kinds of credit has climbed amazingly. In 1970 a few people had diner's club or American Express, but it primarily for business and travel expenses. But middle class income after inflation has not significantly increased since then. At the same time, the stagflation of the middle and late 70's meant that any savings in banks lost money.

Saving up to make a purchase became a fool's game. Credit was better. But the middle class was still making money on the appreciating value of their homes. But after that, Alan Greenspan decided to be the savior of the world economy during the southeast Asia financial crisis and lowered interest rates to where - again - saving money in a bank was a fool's game. While he did raise interest rates to tightened the economy in 2000 and defeat Al Gore, he lowered them to unheard of levels right after the election and kept then there until February 2005 when Bush was safely reelected.

Banks were paying interest rates at and below inflation on savings. Why save? It was better to buy now instead of deferring the purchase until you could pay cash for whatever it was. Buying real estate was where the money was to be made.

It's no surprise that after a generation in which savers were played as suckers, no one saves money in banks any more. But now, the one sure bet for saving - a home - has also been shown to be manipulated just like every other form of possible saving.

Savings are no longer a form of security. The Fed steals then as inflation or low interest rates. Last Spring I am told that the government bonds that were supposed to be set at the level of inflation plus a reasonable return were instead reset at the level of inflation! But of course, you still have to pay income taxes on the interest. And even set at the level of inflation those bonds pay over double what a bank CD will pay.

Your only form of security now is your job, and you better work twice as hard as the next guy who wants it if you want to keep that. Is it any wonder that no one with any sense at all now saves for anything?

The middle class has been thoroughly screwed, and it has all been in the name of the Reagan Revolution and the so-called free market which has actually been rigged like crooked casino games.

We have bigger houses,but smaller famillies;


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Not long ago [home equity loans] were considered the borrowing of last resort, to be avoided by all but people in dire financial straits. Today, these loans have become universally accepted, their image transformed by ubiquitous ad campaigns from banks. New York Times 8/15/2008

The report goes on to say that over the past quarter century home equity loans in the United States have grown from $1 billion to $1 trillion.

So, Cafe-ers ---

Was it the advertising campaign -- Citi called it "Live Richly" -- which seems to be the Times' preferred answer or was it the tax code which makes mortgage interest deductible?

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Are those the only two choices? I would say "all of the above, and then some."

The ad campaigns made it okay, socially acceptable, to re-mortgage your house. Keep in mind that the marketing was more than just advertisements -- it included lots of articles in magazines by so-called financial experts who told us that this was a smart move.

And one of their chief arguments was that mortgage interest is tax deductible. So this was a big factor, too. (Nevermind the fact that you have to have a HUGE amount of mortgage debt to make it worth itemizing -- this one's not a middle class tax break, that's for sure.)

But what did we use this money for? Why did we need to borrow against our houses? The ads and the tax deductions alone aren't a good reason to go into debt.

As Richardxx pointed out, above, for the last 30 years or so, we've all been gradually falling behind. And I don't think it's so much about keeping up with the Joneses. I think it's trying to keep up with ourselves, just trying to stay even with where we were 5 or 10 years ago. Or maybe having as nice a life as our parents. If you hit the job market in the late '80s, you thought maybe you could have a house with a yard and two cars and two TVs, et cetera -- because that's what your parents had achieved. And maybe you went to college, but they hadn't, so surely you could do as well as they.

So I think it's all of that.

-- ARG

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