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Netherland, American Fiction and Globalization

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First of all, I'd like to thank Lila and TPM for instigating this discussion of Netherland. Thanks also to my fellow bloggers for agreeing to take part.

Let's start with a short extract from close to the end of Netherland. The London-based narrator, Hans, travels by Google Maps to New York in search of a cricket field which he and his deceased friend, Chuck, once tried to build together in Brooklyn:

I track the shore. Gravesend and Gerritsen slide by, and there is Floyd Bennett Field's geometric sprawl of runways. I fall again, as low as I can. There's Chuck's field. It is brown--the grass has burned--but it is still there. There's no trace of a batting square. The equipment shed is gone. I'm just seeing a field. I stare at it for a while. I am contending with a variety of reactions, and consequently with a single brush on the touchpad I flee upward into the atmosphere and at once have in my sights the physical planet, submarine wrinkles and all--have the option, if so moved, to go anywhere. From up here, though, a human's movement is a barely intelligible thing. Where would he move to, and for what? There is no sign of nations, no sense of the so-called work of man. The U.S.A. as such is nowhere to be seen.

The question I'd like to explore is how the meaning of 'American fiction' has been changed by globalization (horrible term). Traditionally, in discussing American novels we take for granted the stable existence of an exceptional economic and political territory, a national territory that moreover privileges its inhabitants with advantages and horizons that are simply unavailable elsewhere in the world.

In the last ten years, however, we've seen the remarkable dissolution of national borders by the flow of information and capital: these days you don't have to station yourself in America, or even take a particular interest in the American consumer, in order to prosper on an 'American' scale. As a result, the traditional preoccupation of American novelists--in essence, to do some kind of justice to the American dream narrative, with all of its assumptions and concerns--threatens to become as anachronistic as Chuck's plan to Americanize cricket. To what extent, then, is the American narrative viewpoint, globally dominant since World War II, now losing its preeminence? What new narratives are coming to the fore?

(After I'd finished writing Netherland, I discovered that such questions are currently the subject of much discussion in cultural studies circles, where postnational theory is increasingly fashionable and compelling. In my laziness, I'd love somebody to clue me in on the key tenets and directions of this developing line of scholarly thought...)


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Hmmm, I'd argue that the American Dream Narrative took hold after World War I, rather than World War II. What was Jazz Age writing if not the ultimate exploration of and expression of the American Dream narrative that you're describing.

Hemingway would say it was older than that, though and that Huck Finn is primary evidence of it.

Has it gone away? Well certainly since World War II we had the novels of self fulfillment, the American Dream made personal. I'm thinking Salinger, Cheever and Updike with Michael Chabon continuing in that tradition but also diverging from it in favor of a sometimes more imaginative or experimental approach, something more along the line of David Foster Wallace in the 90s or Neal Stephenson.

I'm not just trying to drop names here: I think you're onto something and that fiction is becoming more worldly. Maybe the American Dream narrative won't dominate anymore but there's still a personal dream narrative to follow. I can easily imagine something like Catch in the Rye coming out of Europe. Don't their young men hate phonies too?

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Without knowing what the "American dream" is, it is almost impossible to claim that the American novelist is preoccupied with the "American dream". There are probably as many American dreams as there are Americans. I doubt that all Americans would see themselves as privileged with unbounded horizons, in fact, I doubt that most Americans would see themselves that way. That's the immigrant's dream of America.

It would seem to me that the American novel has always been about the constraints we put on ourselves despite the largesse offered by the country. Captain Ahab had the entire water world in which to seek his fulfillment and yet he was constrained by his own nature and compelled to seek revenge on an animal too dumb to even know that he injured Ahab. In "The Scarlet Letter" no matter how vast the land is, the people still must act out in the ways proscribed them by society and human nature. Even in one of the great American novels, "Huckleberry Finn" the characters are only free and privileged on the river, nowhere else does that privilege extend. In "The Great Gatsby" no matter how much Gatsby thinks he has improved his position, he is still Gatsby and thus imprisoned in who others think he is.

What am I missing here?

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I don't think you're missing anything, Bev. But is what you're saying at odds at all with a dream narrative. It could be, after all, a dream of freedom from the constraints of society, economics and, ultimately, our own impulses. Sort of a never-ending heroes journey.

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But that's a universal dream and not particular to the American novel.

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I see what you're saying.

You've stumped me.

Uncle!

Thanks for the neat discussion.

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I didn't mean to stump you, I was really looking for clarification. I think we'll always have novels particular to place because novels embed symbols that are sometimes known only to those inhabitants of that place. That doesn't mean that the novel can't be understood universally or appreciated out of context of place, it's just that language is such that it is often peculiar to groups. It's the difference between Cincinnati chili and Texas chili...they may both be called chili, but I guarantee you they ain't. (Kidding...sort of.)

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Well, I realized that when I tried to define American Dream narratives that I wound up quickly in the realm of what I think is universal.

That said, while Gatsby is clearly what I have in mind, it's not say Samuel Beckett, a sensibility (one of being trapped with no hope, or no reason to even attempt) to escape. That strikes me as clearly not American fiction. But the existential fiction has always been fringe. I think the more heroic narrative, whether it ends well or badly, is universal as you say.

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I don't agree. A large body of non-American western literature is devoted to a return to balance/stasis, whether real or fantasized about; a regressive track. American literature is noted for being progressive wherein the desire is not a return to what was, but a new future balance/stasis. I saw Becket referenced, but the same can be surmised from Joyce, Sartre and Genet in the early part of thr 20th century. Chekhov dealt with the present as a place of boredom and emotional confusion, the future as a compromise and the past as something to aspire to, or relish. Elizabethan literature is filled with examples of restoration of kings or a return to the previous order. Webster wrote of a return to God's intended order, and Moliere mocked the bourgeoisie.

There is a very different sense in American literature that propels the story forward. Optimism is used to intensify success, failure and compromises. Gatsby is tragic because of the American idealism of recreation and prosperity. In the end you identify with Gatsby, not the knickerbockers across the sound.

This thread could be several 100-200-300-and-doctoral-level courses, but my point is that there is probably a syllabus in every university in the land that tackles similar themes about Americanism and the American Dream "narrative."

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I don't know what you mean by the "American dream narrative".

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I guess to me, Gatsby would be the primary example. It's a story about social climber and kind of the ultimate American social experiment where a man tries to rise up from obscurity to he pinnacle of society.

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Well put. I'd only add that the backdrop is the promise of prosperity, whether that serves as an earnest goal or measure (Huck Finn), an ironic twist (Grapes of Wrath), or both (Gatsby).

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I don't think I'd say that prosperity or the promise of prosperity is an earnest goal or measure in "Huckleberry Finn". In fact, it's quite the opposite. In "Grapes of Wrath" the characters are not intent on prospering, they are intent on being treated with dignity as human beings no matter what they have or don't have.

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But Gatsby never moves beyond others' opinion as to who and what he is. Gatsby can reinvent himself over and over, but he will never be accepted from those whom he would like acceptance. Like Daisy Miller, he is what he is.

Gatsby in fiction; Death of a Salesman in drama; The Godfather in film. For an optimistic spin, consider It's A Wonderful Life, which looks squarely at the failure of the American dream and posits values like community and family as redemption enough.

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To Bev's point, American Dream Narrative might benefit from a definition. It's hard to argue in abstracts. My main point in this thread is that I do not believe globalism is a threat.

Here's an interesting course decsription:
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1983/5/83.05.01.x.html

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Thanks for the link. I don't know if the author is saying that globalization is a threat to the American novel, it's interesting that you read it that way. I'm going to consider that thought, if I have read you incorrectly please let me know.

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Really my reframing of the author's post. His question was whether globalization is a threat to the American Dream Narrative. I maintain that the narrative is intact with the culture, but the medium (in this case the novel) is under assault by other media; I draw a parallel to what film and television did to theater.

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BevD says;

"I don't know what you mean by the "American dream narrative"."

Horatio Alger? :-)

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Globalism does not necessarily negate culture--especially the dominant Western cultures. America's biggest export into the globalized information and capital markets is its Americanism. Until that trend wanes, I don't see how the American dream narrative stops. No doubt the voices and settings will change, but the culture remains.

I think the better angle is the future of the novel form. Is it dying? Is it analogous to theater wherein other technologies are reducing its scope?

I have been living in the globalized tech and capital world, but I have not seen it decrease the American culture. I have, however, seen the tech-part take some bites out of the printed word, even with each year's new fangled e-book.

The American Dream as it evolved over the last fifty years is a two legged stool of materialism and competitiveness. What Americans dream is in having the most and being number one. Having enough money to build a moat around your privacy. And being number one to have the most power. Check the New York Times (I think it is every Tuesday) for it's top ten lists that cover nearly everything you can quantify in sales. What is different now is that in order to acquire the American Dream, Americans must leave its shores. Again check the business section of the New York Times as recently as yesterday. Steven Spielberg (along with his two partners, David Geffen and Jeffrey Katzenberg) is in the process of going in to business with a company in India because in all of Hollywood, the maker of the American Dream, there is not enough money to make him Uber #1. There was a time when the American Dream contained a third leg. Call it spiritual, religious, idealistic. But that remains only as a phantom leg now, often referred to by politicians using the memory of it in political campaigns as a wedge issue. Consumerism, however, long ago cut us off from our souls. Today the American Dream teeters on collapse. The American Dream grants you your wishes and cuts you in to pieces. Gatsby died pursuing the elusiveness of that dream. He may well take the rest of us with him.

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In the last ten years, however, we've seen the remarkable dissolution of national borders by the flow of information and capital: these days you don't have to station yourself in America, or even take a particular interest in the American consumer, in order to prosper on an 'American' scale. As a result, the traditional preoccupation of American novelists--in essence, to do some kind of justice to the American dream narrative, with all of its assumptions and concerns--threatens to become as anachronistic as Chuck's plan to Americanize cricket.

I wonder if this isn't a bit of an emotional overreaction to a couple of traumatic national events, namely the end of the Cold War and the 9/11 attacks. These kinds of events can provoke anxiety over mortality and impermanence, and the fear of the dissolution of the body. But it this case, we're talking about perceptions of national mortality, impermanence and dissolution.

The end of the Cold War knocked down some of the physical and psychological walls that had established the boundaries of the only world many of us had ever known. That might seem like it should be liberating, but people learn to be comfortable with their walls and boundaries, and destroying them is also a challenge to the senses of national identity and national purpose. If the boundaries disappear, then we start to ask where do we end and others begin? What events are purposeful national actions, and what events are things happening to us? And what if there is no us and them anymore.

A lot of people seemed to oscillate between some extreme reactions: America is now everything, and has spread itself out over the entire world in triumph; or America is now nothing, and has been dissolved into an undifferentiated post-American global mass. The nineties saw the birth of a lot of extreme globomaniacal ideal about the end of history, the end of the state, the dawn of a new age of anarchy and the dawn of the age of the One Market governing all in self-organizing, invisible hand purity, without governments or states playing an important role.

So start with that emotionally diffident or ambiguous situation, and add the trauma of an event like 9/11, where mighty symbols of American form and power literally crumbled to dust, and you get an even more intense anxious reaction. People are seized with an irrational horror of impending national nothingness, they feel the national substance dissolving, and they lash out in a panicky effort to preserve it. They also become freaked out about every leak across the national borders.

Shakespeare was good at capturing this sense of dissolution and insubstantiality, and connected it with loss, failure or declining power. In the Tempest, for example:

Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits and
Are melted into air, into thin air:
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Ye all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.

And also in Antony and Cleopatra:

MARK ANTONY
Eros, thou yet behold'st me?

EROS
Ay, noble lord.

MARK ANTONY
Sometimes we see a cloud that's dragonish;
A vapour sometime like a bear or lion,
A tower'd citadel, a pendent rock,
A forked mountain, or blue promontory
With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,
And mock our eyes with air: thou hast seen
these signs;
They are black vesper's pageants.

EROS
Ay, my lord.

MARK ANTONY
That which is now a horse, even with a thought
The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct,
As water is in water.

EROS
It does, my lord.

MARK ANTONY
My good knave Eros, now thy captain is
Even such a body: here I am Antony:
Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave.
I made these wars for Egypt: and the queen,--
Whose heart I thought I had, for she had mine;
Which whilst it was mine had annex'd unto't
A million more, now lost,--she, Eros, has
Pack'd cards with Caesar, and false-play'd my glory
Unto an enemy's triumph.
Nay, weep not, gentle Eros; there is left us
Ourselves to end ourselves.

Enter MARDIAN
O! thy vile lady!
She has robb'd me of my sword

But, as I said, these are emotional overreactions to the traumas, and don't fully comport with reality. Yes, there is growing interdependence and mobility. But You still need a passport to travel from one country to the next in this world; people can still only vote in some countries and not in others. People are still divided into groups by languages, religions and cultures. And I would also point out that the vaunted new global mobility tends to be confined to a minority of people in the knowledge class. Most Americans don't have the option of moving abroad to work; and even if they have the option, it is just as unthinkable to them as ever.

As far as the American Dream narrative goes, I have never understood what that narrative is. I once took a whole class on the subject. But it seemed to me that the people giving opinions on the American Dream in literature tended to come down on the side of saying that if it was a narrative, and it was written by an American, it was one version of the American Dream narrative. So by that criterion, I would say the American dream narrative is still alive and well.

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It is almost impossible to discuss American literature prior to WW I without understanding the effect the bible has had on it. For most Americans the bible was the only access to written literature, many Americans learned to read by using the bible as a textbook. It was so thoroughly integrated in the lives of Americans that to call it the Rosetta Stone of the American novel would not be an exaggeration.

I suppose you could say that the American dream narrative began after WW I, but like you, I am at a loss as to what it is.

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Wat is dis? A retirement home book club?

Where are Coover, Pynchon, Barth, Delillo, Elkins, T.C. Boyle, Doctorow?

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Which Doctorow? El or Cory? Both could fit in with your list.

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Probably at home sleeping right now...

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In retirement homes?

The youngest in your list is 66.

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I believe that the 'American Dream' is an American concept.
Mind you, the word/title 'Netherland' gets to me because I was borne and raised in 'The Netherlands' (the country). Tennis (cricket is a non-existing sport in NL, unless I'm truly misstaken) even, is an elite sport - one would have to join a club to be able to play. Club membership is not cheap, not meant for the so-called 'lower classes'.
Let alone golf. Don't get me started on golf.
The American Dream only got a hold of me after I arrived in this country. I stayed illegally for about 8 years, then I won in the so-called 'Green-Card Lottery'. My chances of succeeding anywhere opened wide up.
Mind you, I was/am very aware that I come from a fairly privileged back ground.
Being from the Netherlands (Western Europe, to expand on that for that matter) it was a freeing idea that you could make something of yourself without having any kind of scholarly paper.
But, I had to cheat and steal in order to be able to come here. It was the first time ever for me to fly on a plane. If not for that, I would never had been able to come to this country.
Privileged or not. I simply did not have the money.
It's called 'Working Class'.

The author of Netherland is also Dutch.

I think the title refers to the protagonist's homeland, but also to the underworld of Chuck, the immigrant character... and perhaps also to the disconnection and disassociation of the narrator.

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Born in Ireland, raised in Netherlands, educated and practiced law in England, now a New Yorker.

Like Fitzgerald, we'll claim him for Ireland, but definitely not Dutch.

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I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors’ eyes — a fresh, green breast of the new world.

Here, in America we are all Dutch.

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Everytime I see the word Dutch or Netherland, I'm reminded of the wooden shoes (clogs)I picked up in Nijemegan in 1944 and eventually sent home to my mother. They still exist.

The answer to me seems obvious... the American Dream narrative will not perish, but it will not be quite so American anymore.

As advanced capitalism spreads, the hyper-individualism that necessarily accompanies it will also spread. We will see many narratives of aspiration, but they will be filtered through different cultures. The backwash from the collision of old and new mores will always taste different. Sometimes the new will gobbled up with satisfaction, sometimes it cause serious indigestion. A case in point is Junot Diaz's Brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, an immigrant not-coming-of-age story.

Having been brought up in Australia, Peru and the Dominican Republic, one thing that I think Americans miss is how much the rest of the world has absorbed them. When I came to the U.S. to study at age 18 I had been consuming American movies, TV, music, and inventions my whole life. Just about the only cultural reference I didn't get was the commercials. When foreigners tackle the aspirational narrative, they will already have absorbed most of the American permutations and will be building on them.

By the way, I read your book and enjoyed it particularly... perhaps because I used to be a leg-spinner when I lived in Australia.

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I would guess the last American Dream narrative might have been more of an American Nightmare narrative...Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.

It wasn't a 'fictional' work per se, even though the author's memory for the details might not have been completely reliable. It captured the essence of what we have become as a nation...or maybe what we were all along.

"Sympathy? Not for me. No mercy for a criminal freak in Las Vegas. This place is like the army: the shark ethic prevails-eat the wounded. In a closed society where everybody's guilty, the only crime is getting caught. In a world of thieves, the only final sin is stupidity."

Hans, the narrator of Netherland, hits bottom and starts to come back up in a casino. Whether it's Atlantic City or Vegas, these are truly the saddest places in America.

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Good point - it's a peculiarly American invention - fictionalizing truth. Truman Capote's "In Cold Blood" was the origin of gonzo journalism.

The American Dream narrative, whether it takes us through and past the trajectory of a life, always includes a wistful wish, for attachment, for belonging. It is not peculiarly American, most likely, and its origins may go back to the estrangement that takes place when industrialization strains, and breaks, the attachment to the land, and place. Americans are good at talking about this, since the history is shallow, and we blithely abandon place for a job, a relationship, or just to try someplace new (California here I come).

You passage, your book, is the return of the narrative to its proper stage, the world, as the spread of the detachment or ourselves from our roots pervades, and the immigrant dilemma reaches us even in our ancestral homes, making us strangers in a strange land, even in the lands of our birth.

How dizzying it is to look at a place that we lay our cheeks to from the heights of Google, and see that our nurturing, our sad little experiment in attachment to the land, is burnt. Substitute the word alienation for globalization in your passage, and you have the familiar way of referring to the loss that we all know, and that we all seek to repair, unspooling and defending the string that connects us to something, that we fear will part with the next concession we make to change.

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