Intellectual Usury Feels Good, at First
Occasionally people ask me why I'm so hard on New York Times columnist David Brooks, who some find quite insightful and others so irrelevant they can't understand why I get angry at all.
At last, I've found a way to explain it. It's all there in his column of today, "The Culture of Debt." I'm sure that many of my correspondents will find the column reasonable on first reading. Yet it captures everything that is wrong with this man and his ideas -- and maybe with readers who believe him.
Brooks, a self-described conservative and sometime practitioner of "comic sociology," author of On Paradise Drive and creator of the all-American working-class "patio man," knows he has to say something about the devastation raging through countless recently-viable neighborhoods like the one in Cleveland featured on Bill Moyers' Journal last Friday night.
Brooks knows that millions of the very homeowners he's been rhapsodizing may lose not only their present homes but any prospect of owning homes again. But he never comments honestly on information such as that presented by The Nation economics editor William Greider and public officials in Ohio, in one of the most riveting and instructive Moyers shows I've ever seen.
Brooks makes what we have to presume was an individual, moral decision to deflect the truth and, indeed, to lie. To do it, he shifts from comic sociology to pathetic sociology: With great sobriety, he wrist-slaps predatory lenders, but he really sticks it -- more in sorrow than in anger, of course -- to the hapless, desperate homeowners who sat in their own living rooms listening respectfully to smooth talkers they'd invited in to offer them fistfuls of "cash back" in return for signing their savings and hopes away.
Citing a Times story about a woman whose home was foreclosed in a tsunami of predatory lending, Brooks frets that Times readers posting comments on whom to hold accountable have been talking past each other: Blame the predatory lenders, one side says. No, says the other side, blame homeowners who lacked enough grown-up self-restraint to say, "I can't do this deal," or "I'd better not go there."
Brooks, fresh from deep reckonings in sociology and political philosophy, announces a way out of this either/or debate by proclaiming a "third position... held in overlapping ways by liberal communitarians and conservative Burkeans." (Whenever he does this, he's about to drown some truths in euphemisms and plausible half-truths like the ones predatory lenders tell.)
Brooks' truism-drenched "third position" starts "with the notion that... individuals don't build their lives from scratch. They absorb the patterns and norms of the world around them. Decision-making -- whether it's taking out a loan or deciding whom to marry -- isn't a coldly rational, self-conscious act. Instead, decision-making is a long chain of processes, most of which happen beneath the level of awareness. We absorb a way of perceiving the world from parents and neighbors. We mimic the behavior around us. Only at the end of the process is there self-conscious oversight.
"According to this view, what happened to [the borrower who was dispossessed], and the nation's financial system, is part of a larger story. America once had a culture of thrift. But over the past decades, that unspoken code has been silently eroded."
So blame the culture. Blame the individual decision makers. Blame both. And be sure to step back and remember that the individual and the society are interdependent. This is a shell game on the edge of an abyss, and since Brooks chatters on about our individual responsibility for eroding norms, let's hold him individually responsible for his decision to play this game.
1. Brooks lies about how the devastation occurred. An "unspoken code has been silently eroded," he reveals. Silently, David? Marketers of all kinds have spent billions for 40 years telling Americans they deserve a break today and that marketers from McDonald's and credit-card companies to mortgage lenders will give it to them instantly.
This has been the most monumental, unrelenting, intrusive, mindless and therefore irresponsible campaign in history to destroy a culture, barring perhaps the fascist and communist propaganda juggernauts and worse of the 1930s. We are destroying neighborhoods. We are destroying hearts and minds. Our governments are in on it, not just via de-regulation but via lotteries and big bailouts to shareholders who are never held responsible for their individual decisions to back these scams.
What else does Brooks need to know before he'll make his own responsible decision to write that decency hasn't "silently eroded" but has been clamorously assaulted? Hello? Last year in New Haven, we wound up saying "Hello?" four or five times an evening during the dinner hour to callers from local mortgage lending companies. How hard is it for David Brooks to imagine that poorly-educated people, desperate for cash and barely meeting their mortgage payments, would take those calls?
Brooks makes sure to finger, ever so deftly, the specific, real-life weaknesses and moral lapses not of those people who made decisions to design, invest in, and conduct these assaults, but of the woman in the Times story, who, "after her divorce,... went on a shopping spree to make herself feel better." He tells us nothing about shopping habits and decisions of her many white-collar assailants. Why not?
Ever since I wrote The Closest of Strangers after spending the better part of a decade in black north and central Brooklyn, I've had a reputation for not letting poor people off the hook for bad decisions that were ultimately, irreducibly, matters of personal responsibility. Drawing from intimate experience you can read about in the book, I've rebuked some liberals for refusing to pay disadvantaged people the elementary compliment of holding them to the same standards of decency and self-control to which they'd hold their own children. I don't need cheap sociology from Brooks; I need the candor of a talented writer's honest reflections.
2. Brooks lies about the true sources of the devastation. With caveats and cameos, he keeps readers focused on the erosion of norms among us all. There were no "pushers" behind this process. But, in truth, It was unleashed by corporate capital and, politically, by the Republican Party, whose deregulatory, bailout, and other corporate-welfare tactics Brooks has defended shamelessly for a decade. (I'm not letting Democrats off the hook; Chuck Schumer, as a New York Senator, played a big role in deregulating Wall Street and the banks.)
3. Brooks lies about the fact that most of the individual decisions in this crisis were not made by homeowners. He's fastidious in noting that the foreclosed homeowner hasn't always behaved responsibly, be he doesn't find a single instructive anecdote to illustrate the irresponsibility of those who sought her out and zoomed in on her.
Why not? Brooks might tell you that he was quoting a Times story that didn't provide that information. (Surprise, surprise.) But I'll bet that that's not the reason. It's that he didn't even think of putting a spotlight on those people. This mental blank, astonishing in so astate a social observer, amounts to a lie, because it's derivative of his lying about where and how to hold people accountable for the collapse.
Brooks doesn't tell us about, say, the stressed and, yes, morally irresponsible telemarketer who signed on to accelerate the storm. Not a word about the individual irresponsibility of the mortgage executive and his consultants and lawyers who designed the campaign, or about the sharpie salesmen who visited the homes whose equity they were about to steal while sitting politely on the targets' sofas, or of the bankers who bought up the mortgages and foreclosed. Nothing about politicians, fed by all these predators, who eased the miscreants' way in more ways than I can count.
Didn't these people make any of the individual decisions Brooks claims had ripple effects on social norms? How can a Burkean conservative be silent about this? When Brooks writes that a culture of responsibility has "silently eroded," isn't his own silence about that erosion part of the reason for it? What does he think his job is?
The closest he comes to telling the truth is in the following paragraph, which begins by blaming both sides equally, if euphemistically, for irresponsible decisions. But tell me who you think Brooks expects you leave the paragraph blaming -- and then watch the Bill Moyers Journal segment, please, and see how he is lying:
"McLeod [a foreclosed homeowner] and the lenders were not only shaped by deteriorating norms, they helped degrade them. Despite all the subterranean social influences, there still is that final stage of decision-making when individual choice matters. Each time an avid lender struck a deal with an avid borrower, it reinforced a new definition of acceptable behavior for neighbors, family and friends. In a community, behavior sets off ripples. Every decision is a public contribution or a destructive act."
Again, notice how this has been tilted. Brooks doesn't wonder about predatory lenders' and countless other marketers' own shopping sprees, stealing sprees, or other compulsions. "Norms changed," he shrugs, "and people began making jokes to make illicit things seem normal. Instead of condemning hyper-consumerism, they made quips about 'retail therapy'..." Oh, so that's what really happened.
On the Moyers show, William Greider offers a better explanation of how norms change and cultures decay: He describes the virtual repeal of laws against usury, the kind of predatory lending that, like loan-sharking, virtually enslaves desperate borrowers or squeezes them to death.
Brooks would rather keep us focused on the individual responsibility borne by homeowners and a few of the nastiest predatory lenders than he would make us notice the multi-billion dollar advertising campaign that promoted the culture of debt, or the massive deregulation and government bailouts that have made usury an unstoppable and devastating assault on the America he pretends to defend but on which he really just feeds, week after week. Where is the national greatness? Where is the social contract? Where, indeed, is the intellectual leadership?
The reason Brooks can't do better is that he is an intellectual usurer. He palms off dollops of Burke and Oakeshott, swathing the people who are destroying the American republic -- and all of us who are targets of their systemic depredations -- in bromides about a kind of moral responsibility which Brooks does not himself exercise.
His pseudo-scholarly ruminations flatter some readers and make others deferential, but they are always suspiciously easy to follow. They're the intellectual equivalent of "cash back" on an easy loan of false knowledge that leaves you feeling "had," empty-handed,and politically paralyzed. That is how Brooks makes his living: He charms you up the garden path toward a politics that is nowhere.
What perversity drives him to it, I don't know, but the crime itself cannot be doubted. How does this Burkean look at himself in the mirror? How do his employers and talk-show hosts look at themselves?


The Mortgage segment was devastating! I will have to go back and the two remaining segments. It is so depressing!
July 22, 2008 7:09 AM | Reply | Permalink
I don't know much about Brooks and care even less. But your article seems to be complete bullshit.
Snake-oil peddlers, patent-medicine quacks, used-car dealers, oriental rug salesmen, hucksters, quacks, quick buck artists, have been around FOREVER!! For God's sake, the Romans complained about them, Jesus complained about them!! I think it was P.T.Barnum who famously said "I never lost a nickel by underestimating the intelligence of the American Public".
Get a life. Get a real job.
July 22, 2008 7:23 AM | Reply | Permalink
offensivetoyou,
PT Barnum was supposed to ahve said "There's a sucker born every minute."
HL Mencken said 'Nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence/taste of the American public.'
Now go back to school and this time OPEN the books!
July 22, 2008 2:52 PM | Reply | Permalink
But that's not what I'll bet is the reason. It's that he didn't even think of putting a spotlight on those people. This mental blank is alie because it is derivative of his lying about where and how to hold people to account for what is happening.
Like most Republicans, it appears Brooks is a defender of ye olde tyme American norms "A sucker is born every minute" and "Caveat emptor", and is probably a closet believer in Social Darwinism as well. He doesn't blame the lenders, of course, because he thinks they are just doing what the hawkers of goods and services have always done: treat other people as objects and try to make a buck within the limits of the laws governing their marketplace. And he doesn't blame the deregulation of that marketplace, because he is a classical liberal who thinks the fewer rules the better. The aggressive and ruthless exploitation of others is part of the exciting dynamism and genius of of American capitalism. It is a bracing, rugged and socially improving competition which reveals natural winners and natural losers, and teaches the losers strict individual lessons in the school of hard knocks, which they will hopefully respond to by adopting the individualistic virtues one needs to thrive in American society. If they knew how to resist and fight off the blandishments of pitchmen and confidence artists, then they too could become winners who successfully exploit and profit from others, unlike the ignoble losers they are.
This is one kind of "conservatism" I guess. But it is only conservatism according to the weird notional standards of American society in which we classify classical "free to choose" liberals as conservatives. An older variety of conservatism started with the observation that people are naturally greedy, vicious and selfish. But rather than go on from there to the conclusion that we should harness all that viciousness by maintaining a free enterprise economy in which we derive aggregate public gain from private vices, they concluded you need law and governing power to restrain the anarchic and aggressive impulses of human beings, and bind them into an actual society.
July 22, 2008 7:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
Well put, thanks.
July 22, 2008 8:39 AM | Reply | Permalink
@ Dan K
Ever notice how many smokers there are? How many drug addicts? Drunks? Fat pigs? I was in a restaurant recently when four fats pigs walked in - daddy fat pig, mommy fat pig, 14 yr old daughter fat pig and 12 yr old sister fat pig. I watched them eat. It was so gross I had to leave with my meal half eaten.
The evils of alcohol, tobacco and drugs are well known. The habits are horribly expensive. Prohibition was tried. Many drugs are still illegal with severe penalties imposed for violation.
We've gone through I don't know how many business cycles and manias, all fueled by lust, greed, and too much credit. Countless laws have been written to try to control them. Muslims even banned rewarding lenders with interest. Within the last hundred years we watched what happened when people tried to eliminate private property and the market altogether.
And yet you learn nothing. You continue to think a bunch of smarty-pants, know-it-all, sanctimonious, do-gooders - just like yourselves - can reform human nature if only you can find a way to control everything and everybody.
I think there should be laws insisting on honesty, and transparency. I think education should be available for all to the extent they can absorb it, and as free as possible. I'm sure there are plenty of other societal controls I would agree with. But, at heart, I'm a social Darwinist. Openly. I don't like you or your philosophy. I'd sooner fight and cheat than see it imposed.
July 22, 2008 9:48 AM | Reply | Permalink
I'm a little concerned that you became so disgusted you couldn't finish your meal.....Did you hear voices in you head telling you to "kill them all"?
July 22, 2008 12:28 PM | Reply | Permalink
Dorn,
hahahaha
July 22, 2008 2:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
It's human nature for powerful individuals to keep gathering more power to themselves and to trod heavily on all the Peons they can control. They also have exaggerated ideas of their own abilities as leaders to know what is right for everyone else to do. This is called a tyranny. As I say, a tyranny is human nature.
Then you say "You continue to think a bunch of smarty-pants, know-it-all, sanctimonious, do-gooders - just like yourselves - can reform human nature if only you can find a way to control everything and everybody."
The funny thing is, the system of checks and balances that our smarty-pants, know-it-all, sanctimonious, do-gooders founding fathers built into the Constitution to force the tyrants to depend on input from the people they ruled over. The Constitution is exactly the kind of effort to overcome - not change, but overcome and prevent the worst abuses from tyrants. Much of what you call "human nature" comes from a social system that does not even try to meet the needs of the general population, just cater to the rich.
Just like the Constitution sets up checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power by would-be tyrants, a better designed social system can prevent many of the social bad effects of so-called human nature.
But you'll never believe that, of course. You are one of the would-be tyrants - you hope. And you, like Bush, Cheney and Addington, don't believe in the Constitution, either. Too restrictive on would-be tyrants.
July 22, 2008 2:28 PM | Reply | Permalink
Richard,
excellent post.
July 22, 2008 2:55 PM | Reply | Permalink
@ Richardxx
You're talking about the Marxist Founding fathers; Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Mao. With the notable exception of Tom Paine, ours were largely aristocratic gentry who positively abhorred populism and egalitarianism. But I can understand why you would make such a mistake.
July 22, 2008 11:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
@ Offensive
Good to see you admit to being a social Darwinist. I'd always thought of you as just a self righteous jerk. But you think you actually have a coherent, if abhorrent, philosophy. It gets me wondering why you have any interest in political debate. After all, politics is primarily about people joining together for mutual interest or to resolve mutual problems. A true social Darwinist wouldn't be interested in these sorts of activities. Perhaps you need to reconsider how you label yourself. You may really just be a self righteous jerk.
I just wonder how "socially Darwinist" you would be as you're sinking in quicksand and a few of us are standing around with rope, just watching.
Sorry for all the flaming, fellow postes, but I feel offended and want to lash out.
July 22, 2008 4:52 PM | Reply | Permalink
you say:
"I think there should be laws insisting on honesty, and transparency."
but then you say:
"I'd sooner fight and cheat...."
you are obviously an idiot and you don't even know what you think. let alone what it is you are so angrily disagreeing with.
July 22, 2008 7:04 PM | Reply | Permalink
What would Burke or Oakeshott or even Friedman think about mortgage salesmen who are mere middlemen in an over-leveraged risk pyramid of debt and thus have no incentive to care about the performance of the financial products that they are selling?
July 22, 2008 8:06 AM | Reply | Permalink
Perhaps the question would be this: Do they bother to think about that at all?
July 22, 2008 8:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
@BobFred2
They'd think about tulips.
July 22, 2008 9:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
Let me offer some considerations....
Isn't this a description of schooling behavior in fish, or mob behavior in general? It is indeed human nature to mirror what they see in others.
Before the advent of mass media such mirroring would be local and elicit feedback from other citizens. Today the mirroring is of people one will never see, or meet, often times people who escape the consequences of bad behavior. That can describe Linsay Lohan or the shareholders of Fannie Mae.
I think Brooks and Sleeper are right that both sides of failed transactions can be fingered, but miss the larger points of why we aren't the saving culture of the depression, or the productive culture of post WW2. We are now the "I want to be viewed as successful (with little apparent effort), like the people I see on TV," culture. Sadly that applies to both lender and borrower.
July 22, 2008 9:13 AM | Reply | Permalink
Predatory lendors were a problem, but so were applicants basically lying about their income to get a mortgage. The system allowed them to lie, but they knew they were lying at the same time.
July 22, 2008 9:18 AM | Reply | Permalink
If the income-tax reporting system allowed people to lie, they would. Oops, it does, sort of. And they do. So the system is also set up to make it harder to lie about income, as in requiring up-front documentation.
If we don't care how effecitve a system is we can leave it up to people to use it honestly or not. But if it leads to damage outside the system we will act to limit that damage. So we regulate banks to require them to have a minimum amount of funds to cover their deposits. We could also regulate mortgage originators to require more up-front documentation.
We can simply ask people to not lie about their income for acquiring a mortgage. Let me know how that works out. I guess we could throw them in jail if they are caught. Can we also jail the people that encourage lying?
A problem will arise in this scenario when there is no support for the applicant's income claims, (de facto crime), but also no evidence of verbal encouragement or alteration of numbers on the application. Guess which party will go to jail?
July 22, 2008 9:48 AM | Reply | Permalink
In many cases, banks didn't even bother to verify income or other details on mortgage applications.
Compound that with 0% down and you're in for a world of hurt.
In my state, you are required to use a lawyer for the closing - I do recall spending hours with my attorney going over the mortgage details - making sure the fees/rates were the same as in the original application. I knew what I was signing - the only surprise was that the grace period before my first mortgage payment was 60 days - I thought it was 30!
July 22, 2008 12:05 PM | Reply | Permalink
And yet, liar loans were under the guidelines set by the investors. The investors who bought the CDOs encouraged the mortgage brokers to sell their customers on lying about their income (You'll never get the loan if you don't, and everyone is doing it. I know what I am doing. Would I steer you wrong? Do you REALLY want that house?)
And as time went by, the investors loosened the standards even more, then never bothered to check on what the mortgage brokers were doing. Hey, how could they? A collaterized debt obligation would have thousands of mortgages in it, and the paperwork was not sent to the investor anyway.
That's called an unstable and unregulated system that is designed to fail. When the guys whose money is on the line don't care how good the underwriting is, you can't blame the home buyers from going along with what the system encourages.
Where were the grown ups? The experts who knew how the system worked and were so sophisticated that they didn't need regulation? Off living in their second, third or fourth home and bragging about how many millions they made last year. Oh, and paying lobbyists to lobby politicians like Phil Gramto remove all regulations from the financial industry. Remember Enron? It was just a small warning of what deregulation of he financial industry was leading to. So was Sunbeam and WorldCom, but Enron was the real classic. No regulation means the crooks run wild, and Gresham's law applies. Like bad money runs out good in the system, unrestrained crooks run out the people who are trying to do a good job.
The American banking system stinks from the top down.
July 22, 2008 2:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm not sure why Sleeper is outraged.
It seems to me that he's agreeing with Brooks' premise -- namely, that mores govern (or at least influence and/or explain) just about every decision we make.
Brooks' article isn't primarily intended to explain how we became a nation of shoppers but rather the consequences thereof. Given an additional 983 words (The Times gave Brooks 777 words; Sleeper took 1760), perhaps, Brooks would have launched into a sociological analysis of how we got here. That he didn't can be excused by noting that it wasn't the subject of his essay.
July 22, 2008 10:48 AM | Reply | Permalink
I might add that Brooks has, in the past (six weeks ago) listed the malefactors -- in his words, the "agents of destruction."
State governments . . . aggressively hawk their lottery products . . . Payday lenders . . . seductively offer fast cash — at absurd interest rates . . . Credit card companies have . . . found that they can make money off the young and vulnerable . . . Congress and the White House . . . have always had an incentive to shove costs for current promises onto the backs of future generations. It’s only now become respectable to do so . . . Wall Street has played a role . . . what message do the compensation packages that hedge fund managers get send across the country?
The list could go on.
July 22, 2008 11:52 AM | Reply | Permalink
The lotteries, Payday lenders, subprime mortgages, high interest rate credit cards - they are all substitutes for saving in a climate in which saving is discouraged. Cam anyone collect interest on a secure savings instrument that beats inflation? That's even if you could collect it tax free, which is not often the case.
That six months of salary all the financial planners say you should have available for emergencies is always being worn down by inflation and bank fees.
That's the way the merchants and bankers want it. That way most of us stay in debt and have to work hard just to make the payments. No time for vacations, even if you got the minimal two weeks a year to take off. Keep working, keep building productivity, and the gains from productivity go to the wealthy, not the workers.
It's a system of exploitation, and the bankers and money men revised the bankruptcy laws so that fewer workers could escape the treadmill.
July 22, 2008 2:53 PM | Reply | Permalink
While it is difficult to get off the "treadmill," it is possible to refuse to get on in the first place.
Brooks' opinion piece is a response to Gretchen Morgenson's rather patronizing report of "Diane McLeod’s spiral into indebtedness." (For another view, see Tanta giving it to Morgenson and then, taking on Brooks for his phony nostalgia for the lost "culture of thrift."
But, in the end, we are still left with the question of whether consumers have sufficient free will and sufficient knowledge and intelligence to reject the blandishments of the "agents of destruction."
July 22, 2008 11:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
The answer is clearly no! Is there some reason people are being foreclosed on left and right other than they didn't have the capacity -- bracketing out the reasons why -- to recognize they were getting into a bad deal?
I mean, people are awesome, but if you've got a mortgage broker who knows he can sell a mortgage at a profit about five seconds after he gets some bad risk borrower to sign on, he's incentivized up the wazoo to convince the borrower he/she can pay back the loan. And even if the borrower is skeptical about his/her own ability to pay, the broker just says, "Oh don't worry -- home prices will rise forever, you'll be able to sell this baby at a profit if you get into trouble." And then, even if the borrower is still skeptical, there are -- or at least there were -- any number of quasi authoritative figures saying the same thing about home prices, relentlessly and passionately.
Calculated Risk has shown video clips of real estate boosters getting at least equal time on Cable TV going ape-sh!t on people who suggest that home prices might not continue to appreciate at an astronomical rate.
At a certain point, people start to buy the messaging they're receiving, especially when it's relentless. My impression is that this is hardly a controversial point among psychologists and ad buyers.
So -- I wouldn't put the point as emotionally as Sleeper does, but I agree that Brooks is wrong not to see how significantly the consumer's information landscape around real estate and mortgages was manufactured by people who had a financial interest in getting people and not just subprime borrowers to take on more than they could afford.
July 23, 2008 4:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
The force of relentless advertising of "easy credit" was not criticized by David Brooks or any other mainstream pundit until borrowers began to default on the loans. To be sure, borrowers have a lot to do with their own debts but they have nothing to do with the rapacious additional charges added to those debts by credit card companies and pay day lenders.
I do not remember Mr. Brooks pointing his finger at the lenders who abandoned the old fashioned values of vetting the credit worthiness of debtors for the heady profits of higher interest rates and debts bundled as securities. It was pretty obvious to me that the credit card and mortgage industries were after my business. New offers for credit cards sent to me have slowed but not stopped. Why not question that aspect of our current crisis?
July 22, 2008 11:06 AM | Reply | Permalink
You forgot Republicans.
"I never lost an election by underestimating the intelligence of the American Public". ...Karl Rove.
McCain, too, thinks Americans are dumb as dirt:
McCain blames high gas prices on Obama, claims all we have to do is drill to get energy independence. McCain and Dubya never bothered to tell us or do anything about it before. All McCain did is make this lying ass TV ad (as if we need another liar in the oval office): link
July 22, 2008 11:27 AM | Reply | Permalink
How helpful! You admit not knowing what you're talking about, yet you are kind enough to dismiss thoughtful and informed analysis (flawed as it may well be) as "bullshit." Thanks of the illuminating contribution.
July 22, 2008 11:35 AM | Reply | Permalink
A great article, actually. No, it hasn't always been quite this way. Some of us are old enough to remember a different climate.
To those of you who don't get it, apparently the majority here, no, he's NOT agreeing with Brooks. The money graf of Sleeper's argument is here:
Yes, the borrowers have some moral responsibility too, but Sleeper's point is that the the banks, the credit card companies, the lenders bear more, much more. And he's right.
The point is not lost on those who can remember the day when the top ranking CEO's made 20x the salary average worker instead of 20000x, when McMansion ostentation was frowned upon and not the norm all were taught to aspire to.
Sleeper mentions lotteries. A good point. Those who can't remember when state lotteries were introduced may not know the arguments that were made at the time to justify them:
"those people" will always play the numbers rackets anyway, it was said. Better to harness this drive behind "worthy social purposes" like education. It was not long after that argument won the day that the benevolent backers of these worthy social purposes were hawking the lottery to the poor as the "poor man's bank". And of course, the bait and switch on the "worthy social purposes" as the lottery funds became a replacement to social spending rather than an augmentation.
Mores have decayed, but the key point is the people who like to sneer at the mores of the poor are the pushers who sold them their debased mores.
Do as I say, not as I do is the order of the day.
Now that it appears likely that the Democrats may actually win the presidency, I think, and it sounds like Sleeper thinks, that we need to think about these issues. They are the direction in which we need to move.
July 22, 2008 11:38 AM | Reply | Permalink
. . . Sleeper's point is . . . .
Unfortunately, his point isn't responsive to Brooks' point.
July 22, 2008 12:03 PM | Reply | Permalink
Disagree, Ellen. Just above the point in the previously identified money graf is this:
Brooks is throwing up his hands, sadly, at the "erosion of the moral code." Sleeper is naming the people primarily to blame for that erosion.
Why so coy, Ellen? I don't think I'm telling you anything you don't know.
July 22, 2008 12:26 PM | Reply | Permalink