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Gender, Jobs, and the Working Class Family

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Ross Douthat and Reihan Salam's new book, Grand New Party, is a thoughtful and challenging call to arms for the Republican Party to alleviate the struggles facing working class Americans. As a liberal feminist, I found myself nodding in agreement with Ross and Reihan surprisingly often, whether they were arguing for making workers less reliant on cost-cutting insurers for basic health care, or for changing employment norms to encourage flextime and telecommuting. Such pro-labor and pro-parenting policies have long been integral to progressive politics. That raises the question of why exactly Ross and Reihan believe the GOP is the party best suited to representing the interests of "Sam's Club" voters, as they term working and lower-middle class whites.

But what I'd like to focus on here is a trend central to Ross and Reihan's diagnosis of what ails working class America, but that I think they unfairly malign: changing gender roles over the course of the latter half of the twentieth century, and, in particular, the rise of single parent households.

While I generally agree with Ross and Reihan that absentee fatherhood and divorce negatively effect children, I believe the authors vastly overstate these trends as factors contributing to working class economic malaise. The authors' use of the birth control pill as a stand-in bogeyman for all sorts of cultural dissolution is especially curious. In Ross and Reihan's version of twentieth century history, the two-parent, heterosexual family -- with mom at home and dad going to work -- was plugging along just fine until Second Wave feminism, the sexual revolution, and the pill convinced men and women that they could have sex just for fun, leading working class men to abandon traditional fatherhood in favor of a prolonged adolescence. According to this narrative, the Equal Rights Amendment is somehow linked to pornography and open marriages. In fact, most high-profile Second Wave feminists were openly hostile toward porn, and one of the movement's central goals was increasing respect and equality within monogamous hetero relationships.

Ross and Reihan are, in a way, far more sympathetic to feminism than typical social conservatives, conceding that the movement enabled millions of women to enter the workforce, support their families, and leave abusive or loveless marriages. But the visceral distaste for the women's movement that clouds so much conservative thinking and writing is present here as well; throughout the book oral contraception is mentioned again and again as a culprit that wreaked havoc on working class families, even as the authors admit that the sexual revolution happened to coincide with what, in my view, was the far more influential cause of the weakening of working class social bonds: the shift to a bifurcated information/service economy and away from a stable, unionized manufacturing sector. That made working class men a poor marriage bet for women -- Ross and Reihan admit so much. What they don't concede is that many working class women are far more effective as single parents than they would be if they had to haul a fragile-egoed, oft-unemployed man through life.

If we want working class relationships to be as stable as upper-middle class ones, we should give working class men and women what the more affluent already enjoy: schooling (including vocational ed) that prepares them for stable careers that pay a living wage. Ross and Reihan believe public policy should start at home, by using the tax code to "re-stigmatize" out of wedlock birth. Stigma, though, shouldn't be the goal of our public policy -- creating jobs should be.

As a corollary, the focus on stigmatizing single parenthood is in direct contrast to Ross and Reihan's own stigmatization of the birth control pill. After all, if more women were using birth control, there would be fewer out of wedlock births. We do have increasing problems with birth control access in this country. But the fact that so many young women and men are choosing not to use contraception when it is readily available is a problem that only education can solve -- education on the health benefits of protected sex and the life benefits of delaying parenthood, as well as education that gives young, lower-income Americans a future to look forward to beyond the home.

About much of this, Ross and Reihan would probably broadly agree with me. But count me a skeptic on whether the GOP will abandon corporatism and divisive cultural politics in favor of aggressive job creation. Under the Bush administration, we saw almost $1 billion funneled toward marriage promotion without any accompanying effort to address the economic strains that prevent working class men and women from forging stable bonds. There is no evidence at all that national Republicans are revisiting these priorities. Ross and Reihan's "Grand New Party" may indeed be a long, long time in the making.


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Ross and Reihan are right!

Oral contraception undermined the patriarchal family whose stability depended upon keeping women bare foot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. Just so, civil rights legislation undermined the South's apartheid society.

Why even mention it? What's the point?

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This is a smart blog. I mean it. You have so much knowledge about this issue, and so much passion. You also know how to make people rally behind it, obviously from the responses. Youve got a design here thats not too flashy, but makes a statement as big as what youre saying. Great job,children health indeed.

"the sexual revolution, and the pill convinced men and women that they could have sex just for fun, leading working class men to abandon traditional fatherhood in favor of a prolonged adolescence"

This sort of "permanent adolescence" was, in the 70s and is still today, the province of the college educated male, just as it always has been. Granted, "working class" women can leave collapsing early marriages a little more readily these days. Contrary to popular mythology, most babyboom women went to college as "non-traditional students" in the 1980s, thereby earning some capacity to walk--which capacity, of course, not all of them exercized. Plenty of "working class" women are "non-traditional" students still today, irregardless of the state of their early marriages.

However, what is true is that it is harder to live on one income today than it looked to be in the 80s and 90s, thus the Republican tendency--accelerated in the late 90s-- to promote marriage as the solution to every possible economic problem. All Douthat and Salam add is a few flexible workforce tidbits to sucker young upper middle class feminists who are the only population with the economic wherewithal to gobble them up, once they manage to land themselves one of those permanent adolescents.

Actually, it sort of looks to me like Barack and Michelle Obama have already scooped Douthat and Salam's whole program for the Republican Party.

Now, about that working class...

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While I generally agree with Ross and Reihan that absentee fatherhood and divorce negatively effect children, I believe the authors vastly overstate these trends as factors contributing to working class economic malaise.

Hello! Two one income households are much worse off economically than one two income household. The number of wage earners in a household and household income are strongly correlated. How this correlation could be vastly over stated is hard to understand.

So, in other words, we already have a "natural" marriage promotion program.

Spending so much time talking about anything *other* than the state of the general economy and the capacity of labor to bargain, collectively and individually, has always been completely beyond my capacity for picking the fuzz out of my own navel.

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I disagree.

The development of "narratives" -- what Douthat and Salam are trying to do for their side and what we should be doing on ours -- is the priority.

Policy debates are secondary, because in the absence of being able to deploy the winning narrative, those policies won't get enacted.

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Maybe this narrative can be updated.

http://youtube.com/watch?v=hkP0J2i5BPI&feature=related

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You want cookin'? You got cookin'.

You want laundry? You got laundry.

You want ironin'? You got ironin'.

You wanna make love? Get behind me and
lift up my nightie and we're gonna make love.

Norma Rae at the ironing board. I couldn't find a video clip -- Damn.

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ah yes, memories, misty, watercolor memories of the way we were...

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Good times, good times...

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Thanks for your patience and sorry for the inconvenience!

Best regards, Mary, CEO of youtube to mp3

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Twenty years ago I left an emotionally abusive husband and remade life for myself and my children. I can't begin to tell you how happy I am that during the marriage I had access to birth control; leaving a bad marriage with 2 children was difficult - leaving with 4 or 5 would have been impossible.

I've often thought back to the women from my neighborhood that I knew when I was a kid in the '50s and wondered how many of them were probably trapped - unable to leave because they had no education or work experience and 3 to 5 children. Or the occasional 'divorcee' who was suspected of sexual impropriety simply by virtue of her marital status.

I had a college education and a 20 year resume, it was 15 years into the second wave, and still it was a struggle.

I saw Ross Douthat on Bill Moyers last Friday - before I knew anything about this book he struck me as arrogant and spoiled. He had no compassion or understanding for anyone outside of his orbit - whenever Moyers asked about the problems faced by so many people, he blew off the question to make his conservative point. I thought he was a big jerk and I quit watching before the end of the show because he pissed me off (a rare occurence with Moyers.)

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thought back to the women from my neighborhood that I knew when I was a kid in the '50s and wondered how many of them were probably trapped - unable to leave because they had no education or work experience and 3 to 5 children.

Grew up in the same neighborhood. There was nothing wonderful about a lot of those nuclear families. A lot of them had those now much lauded union jobs, too, but my memory is that they weren't so wonderful either, seemed to me that Dad's were always being what they called "laid off," and then there was a lot of family fights and the police being called, or Mr. Smithski would be laid off and go spend the money that wasn't there at the corner bar. And the progeny of those families, judging from the high school class reunions, aren't having Jimmy Stewart's wonderful life either.

What I saw as a kid: A marriage with a stuck young mother with high school eduction having 5 kids 2-years apart and a working class Dad at the end of his 20's not only didn't lead to happy families or climbing the ladder of education, it wasn't necessarily a good example to the kids on how to maintain a healthy relationship.

It's also a recipe for maintaining an underclass.

Aceeptance and availability of relatively safe birth control, still looks like the main miracle of my lifetime so far. Margaret Sanger is one of the major heroes of the twentieth century.

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This silliness is actually pretty old. When the Reagan administration was promoting marriage for young African American women as the Solution to All Our Problems, Barbara Ehrenreich pointed out that at the average wage for a young African American male, our young mother would require four husbands to achieve a moderate income for her household. But I don't think that this is what these men have in mind when they talk about stable families. And why does the right wing get to repeat the same old tripe over and over?

"And why does the right wing get to repeat the same old tripe over and over?"

Because the Other Party lets them and now, in a new wrinkle, Republicans are defending the Other Party's candidate against Jesse Jackson's clippers because the Other Party (already clipped apparently) can't focus on anything that doesn't involve blaming the voters (either). In other words, it's a one party state and it's anti-people.

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Goldstein often seems even more naive than the typical Mount Pleasant intern/entry level professional and this is true here. Yes, many studies suggest that children are better off in two-parent families. And, yes, because this is based on averages, it means that despite this general tendency, lots of kids are not so well-off in two parent households. The effort to promote marriage has been moronic at best. Marriage among African-Americans increased only when long stagnanted wages increased. Better family environments will come only from better economic consitions. promoting unions would accomplish more than the kind of family values claptrap promoted by Douthat.

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I don't want to be too aggressive in saying this, but Douthat is a conservative Catholic. He doesn't like birth control pills to begin with, so they are a natural bogeyman.

Since working class people want, need, and are entitled to active sex lives, the truth is, you get rid of the birth control pill and you get MORE single motherhood (along with more women in abusive marriages). The birth conrol pill, far from being a bad thing, is a good thing in terms of reduce the incidence of something Douthat doesn't like. Indeed, legal abortion, which Douthat thinks is murder, also reduces the incidence of single motherhood.

I think we need to press Douthat to be honest. What he wants is for unmarried working class people to give up sex. Because he believes in a supernatural being who has decreed that unmarried people placing their penises into other unmarried people's vaginas is a wrong on the same level as what is happening in Darfur. THAT, and not unwed motherhood, is the reason he opposes the birth control pill.

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"While I generally agree with Ross and Reihan that absentee fatherhood and divorce negatively effect children, I believe the authors vastly overstate these trends as factors contributing to working class economic malaise."

With respect, could there be a more stereotypical, out of touch, elitist liberal statement? What would this author know about what it's like in a working class family? Though I could be wrong, I doubt that she comes from a working class family or that she even has friends who are working class people. Chances are, that for her or the authors she criticizes for that matter, to offer their august pronouncements about what is good for working class families is, shall we say, mighty pretentious. It's this sort of just plain nonsense that alienates working class people from intellectual Democrats of all kinds. It shows an ignorance and callousness to the suffering of people that is not missed by working class people when they are exposed to it.

Divorce has ravaged and devastated the working and middle classes of the United States and there is absolutely no question about it. There may be some positive aspects about divorce on the family but it is simply beyond question that any benefits accruing from divorce are outweighed by the fact that it impoverishes workers and their families and either impoverishes (at worst) or lowers the living standards (at best) of middle class families.

Lowering the economic status of any family unit is the sine qua non of negative outcomes for children. There's no getting around this plain and stubborn fact. All one has to do is look at how well children have done since divorce became commonplace in the US. Divorce, more often than not, plunges families into poverty (most typically women with children but also noncustodial parents as well).

I'm not saying that we should eliminate divorce or anything like it. I don't think we can roll back the clock. But we need to be honest about this: divorce is synonymous with economic disaster for most working class and many middle class families. For the author to make the statement above demonstrates quite clearly she doesn't have any sort of realistic grasp about what it is like to be poor or to be a worker in this day and age in America or how devastating the economic fall is for families after a divorce occurs. Divorce is an economic scourge to the working class family. The economic hardship it causes destabilizes the family, and all sorts of negative outcomes ensue for children particularly.

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Boswell confesses that he feels guilty in criticizing a playwright since he himself could not write a tragedy as good ---

Why no, Sir; this is not just reasoning. You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables. Samuel Johnson

It is not required that one take a job as a waitress or marry a high school dropout before criticizing Douthat and Salam -- who, one might add, are themselves neither waitresses nor partners of high school dropouts.

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I recognized the two she criticizes were in no better a position than she to comment in my post Ms. Smartypants.

The real point stands regardless and that is that her pronouncement is completely out of touch with the reality of the working class world and very obviously so. She doesn't have any sense at all of what kind of life working class people lead or how utterly devastating, economically, divorce is on them. If she did, she wouldn't put such nonsense in print. She goes on to talk about what "they" need from a callous, effete point of view that further demonstrates why working class people understand that liberal intellectuals like the author don't understand or give a damn about them anymore than do the conservatives. "They" might actually have some thoughts on what "they" need but it would never cross her mind even to inquire. Surely they would agree with some of what she wrote, but first and foremost working class people need enough money to provide for their families. In the best of times working class people are barely making it. In the wake of divorce the economic hardship is often cataclysmic. Anyone even remotely familiar with the working class world would know this. Sounds as if the conservatives here are a bit closer to the truth albeit perhaps for a whole host of reasons that are either bad or just wrong. Nonetheless, they demonstrate at least enough sensitivity to know the profoundly negative economic consequences of divorce are on families, especially those who don't have much money to begin with.

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Ms. Smartypants

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Sticks 'n' Stones. Sticks 'n' Stones.

So there!

Re: There may be some positive aspects about divorce on the family but it is simply beyond question that any benefits accruing from divorce are outweighed by the fact that it impoverishes workers and their families and either impoverishes (at worst) or lowers the living standards (at best) of middle class families.

It's my observation that divorces which occur when people are young and childless (and I think these are the majority of divorces) may leave some emotional scars, but they have few to no long term effects otherwise. The problem is mainly with divorces that occur when there are children in the mix.

Re: She doesn't have any sense at all of what kind of life working class people lead or how utterly devastating, economically, divorce is on them.

Grossly overstated. I am from the working class (my father was a truck driver) and I have working class friends. For most of them divorce was not a catastrophe. They had some war stories to tell after, a few had permament lingering bitterness, but most went on with their lives and eventually found more suitable and workable marriages. As I noted above, major problems occured only when there were children.

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Obviously it is about families (that means couples with children) and not young couples who don't have kids. That was the subject she was referring to in the first place. The entire conversation regarding divorce and the working class is centered upon families. A vast number of young marrieds don't even get married until at least one child is already born or is on the way and this has been the case for centuries in America. And thus, it is no exageration at all to say that divorce is a devastating economic event for working class families. This fact is well known and there is endless data documenting it.

Re: Obviously it is about families (that means couples with children)

"Family" means a lot more than just "couples with children". That's way too restrictive a definition. A married couple without children is still a family. A "family reunion" consisting of aunts and uncles and cousins of all sorts is also a family. We are all part of some manner of family, no matter whether we are married or have children.
And also, why this weird obsession with the "working class"? People are prating about this group as if it were some alien life form just discovered on Mars. What about middle class people, the upper class and the poor? Aren't we all in this together? Why single out one rather large and quite diverse group of folks for some sort of especial analysis when the trends or modern life, for good or ill, affect all of us?

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Mumbo jumbo. In this context family meant couple with kids.

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flextime and telecommuting. Such pro-labor and pro-parenting policies have long be
bag factory.

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This is a good blog you have keep up the good work. I read a lot of stuffs on a daily basis and for the most part just preferred to make a quick remark to say I am thankful I found your blog.

Thanks, Rob Mendez
Author of how to cook beef tenderloin

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