Rescuing Fannie and Freddie: Let's Draw Blood
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are going under and the economists are surprised. Those of us who actually pay attention to the economy (instead of just getting paid to be "economists") knew that the crash of the housing bubble would put these mortgage giants in danger. (I'm on record from back in October, 2002.)
Okay, we all should know that economists generally don't have a clue, but what should we do about the impending collapse of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae? Well, it would be a devastating blow to the housing market to lose Fannie and Freddie even in the best of times, but it would really be a disaster to let them collapse in the middle of the housing meltdown, at a point where they directly or indirectly finance 70 percent of new mortgages.
So, we have to keep them going, but we also have to make sure the clowns that wrecked these huge companies feel the pain.
The recipe is simple. We impose some serious compensation limits as a condition of getting taxpayer dollars. How about $2 million a year? Yes, that is $2 million a year counting everything, salary, stock options, bonuses, use of corporate jets etc. (And if they lie, they go to jail for the rest of their lives - no more jokes from incompetent rich people.)
Is $2 million too low, will we lose top executives? First, who cares? These are people who were too dumb to see the largest housing bubble in the history of the world. If we lose them is that going to be bad news for Fannie and Freddie's future?
The other question is what alternative employment options do these people have? Are they going to make more money bussing tables and cleaning toilets? That's not very likely.
It is time that people who call themselves "progressive" get serious. We have to fight to get handouts from the government so that kids can get health insurance or adequate child care. How can we just hand over tens of billions to the very richest people in the country, no questions asked? We want the government to assist out low and middle income people in need of help. But why should taxpayers be forced to redistribute their hard-earned tax dollars to the very richest people in the country because these bankers were too stupid too keep their companies from going bankrupt?














You raise some very good points. My preference would be that the federal government require both Fannie and Freddie to reorganize their executive suites, by dropping the failed executives and replacing them in a lean and mean movement. Your compensation limit seems ok, and if it is set up so it remains the limit until those corporations are again healthy and contributing to society, then good people should be perfectly willing to accept that challenge at the lower compensation.
We shouldn't let the boards of directors off the hook either. They do, after all, have the ultimate responsibility for these collapses. They should be required to all be replaced, and replaced with outsiders, not insiders.
July 12, 2008 6:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
Why not just nationalize the two?
July 12, 2008 6:44 PM | Reply | Permalink
Dean, I recall a few years ago of reading (NYT I think) that in the depression years of the 1930's a CEO of a large corporation that went bankrupt under questions of malfeasance, not only had his salary redacted, his bank accounts seized, his home taken away and even his personal possessions (including his clothes, furniture, artwork) auctioned off to pay creditors.
Do we have a chance of bringing back that kind of accountability (FNM CEO named Dan Mudd, last salary report Forbes 2005 7.1 million)?
July 12, 2008 7:04 PM | Reply | Permalink
I clicked the link (October, 2002) in your post and was taken to a page where you compiled a list of praiseworthy articles, one of which had to do with the general topic of CEO pay levels. I could not determine who wrote the article, originally published in The Washington Post, because the Post no longer has it available.
Was that the article your link referred to? Did you write it?
Reading your post, one comes away with the impression that you called the housing bubble in 2002. Did you?
As you get billing here at TPM as an "economist," your post is rather short on economics and long on bile.
I agree that CEO's whose companies fail under their leadership should not be walking away with $50 million severance packages. But merely, and arbitrarily, capping executive pay is not any sort of solution to the mortgage/credit disaster currently taking place that one would expect from an "economist." Is it?
July 12, 2008 7:59 PM | Reply | Permalink
CEO walking away with $49.5 million = OK! FrederickBernanke
July 12, 2008 8:13 PM | Reply | Permalink
NCD,
I don't think I indicated in any way that failed CEO's should reap rewards for their failures.
FB
July 13, 2008 7:14 AM | Reply | Permalink
While both articles note several potential sources of trouble for the U.S. economy, neither mentions the housing bubble. If housing prices fall back in line with the overall rate price level, as they have always done in the past, it will eliminate more than $2 trillion in paper wealth and considerably worsen the recession. The collapse of the housing bubble will also jeopardize the survival of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and numerous other financial institutions. Dean Baker 9/29/2002
For many years Dean read the New York Times and the Washington Post and performed the salutary service of pointing out the lazy, biased, incompetent economics reporting to be found therein. Those are the items referenced in the CEPR archive he linked to, above.
Baker's call of the housing bubble was premature* -- he left one or two hundred thousand dollars on the table when he sold his Washington condo in May 2004 -- and it's far from clear that Fannie or Freddie would be in their present trouble if they'd pulled back (been allowed by the politicians to pull back) in early 2006.
* For Baker to be proven correct in his "call" housing prices will have to get back to 2000 levels plus inflation (or using Baker's preferred constant, wage growth).
July 12, 2008 8:50 PM | Reply | Permalink
Ellen,
The depth and breadth of your economics-related comments is breath taking.
Who the hell are you?
And your avatar, though not quite as beautiful as mine, is quite remarkable as well.
FB
July 13, 2008 7:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
yep. he keeps using the mortgage meltdown to crow about how he was right about a nationwide housing bubble. nevermind that it proves no such thing.
July 13, 2008 5:20 PM | Reply | Permalink
Fredrick,
should executives who have been in charge of a failing company for a period of time be penalized for that failure?
If so, how?
July 13, 2008 6:59 AM | Reply | Permalink
JW1141,
Of course they should.
The problem is that they have contracts that are asymmetrical in that there are enormous upside rewards if they perform well, but virtually no downside punishments if they under-perform or fail; much like contracts professional athletes have.
The question is: Should government legislate the terms of CEO contracts, or, for that matter, athletes' contracts? My answer: No.
FB
July 13, 2008 7:22 AM | Reply | Permalink
@FB,
Assuming for arguments' sake that "the government" should not legislate CEO contracts, then who defines the rules under which such contracts would be structured? At present, those of us who have our life savings tied up in exactly the companies whose management teams are failing so spectacularly have *no* influence over such things. (CEO contracts voted in shareholder proxy elections? HAH! Never!)
An underperforming athlete can cause losses of a few games, but is benched long before individually bring the whole team to complete financial failure. Athlete contracts are not a valid analog here.
So... What is the "locus" of establishment and enforcement of rules defining personal responsibility for behavior and rules regarding relationships among the members of a society? ... Thinking...
...It's coming, remembering from an ancient civics class...
Government.
Which in our society, ostensibly involves all of the enfranchised people and acting for all the people enfranchised or not. You and everyone else commenting here already know this, but I see no attempt by you and others to suggest structures, be they governmental, informal or any other way, to get the job done competently. Until I see such suggestions, my opinion is that your actual goal is to prevent the establishment of rules which might limit your flexibility in how wealth is managed in this society.
While saying nothing about how to accomplish the task.
July 13, 2008 11:27 AM | Reply | Permalink
FredrickB says:
"The question is: Should government legislate the terms of CEO contracts, or, for that matter, athletes' contracts? My answer: No.
I agree, government should have no hand in terms of corporate compensation packages; on the other hand, aren't much of executive's compensation packages tax deductible as business expenses?
If so, isn't the Government subsidizing what can be called exhorbitant compensation packages?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`
Isn't it irresponsible of Corporate officers of publicly owned companies to agree to contracts that reward, at times exhorbitantly, success, but don't have clauses that take failure and punishment into account?
This isn't the way it works on the factory floor.
July 13, 2008 12:58 PM | Reply | Permalink
let's not mix apples and oranges. because FannieMae is a Government Sponsored Enterprise, the gov't naturally has more interest and authority in regulating the compensation paid to its executives than it has wrt the salaries of professional athletes. GSEs aren't IBM or Microsoft. they owe their very existence to the gov't.
therefor, the real question is, 'should gov't have any control over compensation paid to executives of Government Sponsored Enterprises?'
July 13, 2008 5:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
In general, I would agree. However, if the company is a quasi-governmental one as are both Freddie and Fannie, and as in this case, require taxpayer funded bailouts, then the answer should be yes. Athletes have nothing do with it.
Emphatically.
And, if there is not one public spirited, responsible, competent executive willing to take the position, even with a decent performance bonus for an outstanding job, then our society, and corporate world, are in far worse shape than we imagine.
July 13, 2008 10:12 PM | Reply | Permalink
Frederick. There is a web tool you may have heard of named 'Google'. If you had inserted the words: 'Dean Baker 2002 housing' you indeed would pop up this August 2002 paper The Run Up in Home Prices: Is it Real or is it another Bubble which would have had the double advantage of answering your question and not revealing you as rather full of bile yourself.
Personally I agree with Ellen in that Dean called the bubble's peak too early, and tends to ignore some regional variation which is not well reflected in Case-Shiller, but overall he identified the problem while perhaps misfiring on the exact timing for his particular market.
July 13, 2008 2:29 PM | Reply | Permalink
Let's just admit that encouraging home ownership is a good thing and worthy of government support and take the GSEs into the public domain through a seizure of assets and maybe the outright elimination of some of the worst liabilities. That's right, let's just nationalize the stock at $0 and pay the bondholders what we think they're owed rather than what they think they're owed. End of story.
July 12, 2008 10:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
We need a day of Jubilee. All debts of any kind erased. It would work. The winners would be the people who actually work in the real economy. The losers would be the wealthy who hold the paper.
July 12, 2008 11:33 PM | Reply | Permalink
Frederick,
setting conditions on handouts from the governments is exactly what one would expect from economists, although usually only only worry about conditions when we talk about giving a few thousand dollars to workers for unemployment insurance or TANF. Generally they are not concerned about conditions when we are giving tens of billions of dollars to financial institutions.
Ellen,
If you know anyone who at any point in time would have paid 100k or $200k more for my condo than what I sold it for, will you introduce me to this person?
July 13, 2008 12:04 AM | Reply | Permalink
Ho! Ho! Ho!
For the past four years you've been praying for this crash to bail you out. You're not there yet, and if Barney and Chris have their way, you may never get there, at all.
P.S. I feel your pain. I sold most of my realty fund in April 2004.
July 13, 2008 1:33 AM | Reply | Permalink
Dean,
I agree with you regarding government handouts.
But that was not the message I got from reading your post.
I know the Bear Stearns boys took a nice hit on their stock, but do you know what, if anything, they pocketed from the bailout?
Fred
July 13, 2008 7:30 AM | Reply | Permalink
Fredrick,
the people who pocketed from the Bear Stearns bailout were the creditors of BS, who would have taken a big hit, the stockholders and managements of the other top invstment banks, who got free insurance from Ben Bernanke, and the shareholders of BS, who got $1.2 billion from J.P. Morgan in exchange for a guarantee from the Fed of BS debt.
July 13, 2008 7:37 AM | Reply | Permalink
How fitting.
July 13, 2008 10:16 PM | Reply | Permalink
Dean, I couldn't agree more about compensation limits.
Whatever the dollar amount or limit is, it must be tied to long-term performance of the company somehow, and after the debacle at BS (snarky, I like that), it should also have some ties outside the company as well. I.e. if the executive's policies lead to a near meltdown of the banking system, the money goes back to the government. Perhaps earmarked for financial education programs for high school students that specifically cover mortgage products and savings.
July 13, 2008 12:27 PM | Reply | Permalink
Upper management has a broken labor market - in which inside dealing has led to incredibly damaging amounts of money going to the upper management. I think this should be dealt with via taxes. Any corporation that pays its upper management- CFOs, CEOs, etc - a multiple of 80 times its lowest paid employee should have its tax rates doubled or tripled. In the 1980s, the standard for payment to the upper management had risen to the 80 multiple. And it was considered a scandal. Now, 80 is considered way below average.
There are other changes, too. For instance, it should be against the law for any corporation to pay its employees personal income tax - as often happens as part of the compensation package "negotiated" by the CEO.
Instead of money going to waste - and this truly is corporate peculation, as nobody contributes the equivalent of 5 to 10 thousand dollars per hour for a company - the money should flow to the stakeholders: investors and work force.
Now, if, say, GE really insists on paying its CEO a multiple of 150 times its lowest paid employee, then the board will just have to explain why GE should take on a tax burden that is one hundred percent bigger than its rivals. Ought to be an interesting explanation. All that value added one empty suit or another adds to the company.
July 13, 2008 1:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
I have read that the problem with Wash. D. C. politicians (of either party) 'punishing' malfeasance in financial markets is that the big money boys basically own the political and financial systems. An occasional case will be brought against former CEO's who go too far, like Kenny Boy Lay, but that is like a carnival side show, to entertain and assuage anger among TV viewers.
Clear laws and strict regulation would take a lot of profits out of the financial industry, reduce the 'gray areas' and reduce the 'take' of the money men and lawyers.
It would be biting the hand that feeds them for both Democrats and Republicans. As long as American voters can be kept under predictable control by MSM pablum and 30-second TV political ads there will be no incentive for politics or government to change.
July 13, 2008 1:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
Your big idea on how to save the housing crisis is to cap salary. Wow!
July 13, 2008 4:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
There is a really easy solution to the "problem" of high CEO pay for failing corporations. DON'T BAIL OUT THE CORPORATIONS.
July 13, 2008 4:42 PM | Reply | Permalink
I think corporate executives should be meaningfully licensed the way doctors and pharmacists are. They should forever be fearful of hauling their asses before the Board of Commerce to defend their license. Bankruptcy and conviction of crimes should be grounds for summary revocation.
I also like the idea of capping executive salaries. But instead of a voluntary condition for corporate welfare, it should be a mandatory term of incorporation. And instead of a dollar amount, it should be 100,000 times the lowest-paid employee's hourly wage.
If the worst job in the company paid $50 an hour, the CEO would richly deserve their $5 million. If the lowliest third-world factory worker only made $0.50 per hour, then the CEO should be able to scrape by on $50,000.
July 13, 2008 5:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
The NYT is reporting the Bush administration has a bailout plan for the purchase of Fannie and Freddie stock on the open market, and asking Congress to simultaneously approve raising the ceiling on the national debt. link
My guess is this will push the dollar down, inflation up, and eventually push oil to over $150-160/barrel.
July 13, 2008 6:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
Text of Paulsen's rescue statement at link below, he included this yarn in the message the equity investment would carry terms and conditions necessary to protect the taxpayer.:
link
July 13, 2008 6:25 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hey, comrades,
I can't believe I'm defending an economist. The only economist I really like is Francisco Soberon, and I view economists as so committed to their theories that they're willing to defend them by squashing the little bugs. And I can't believe that people are criticizing him for not calling the exact moment of the bubble, when what I think was the important part of his work was warning low- and moderate-income homeowners that they might be getting themselves into a real mess. And now it's happened. It's not only recent homebuyers, but people who had owned their homes for 18 or 20 years and who refinanced from cheap mortgages to more expensive ones to, for instance, pay medical expenses.
And what's happening to the foreclosed is a disaster. The lucky ones are doubling up with family of friends. Most rental housing is closed to them, as they have low credit scores, so they are taking whatever they can get at whatever price. In more than a few cases they pay huge deposits ($5,000 in one case), only to find that the house they're renting is in foreclosure and they're going to have to move again, as well as try to recover their deposit money. Quite a number of people have been forced to move twice, and some have been forced out three, four or five times.
And don't get me started on the tenants who are being evicted because their landlords faced foreclosure.
July 13, 2008 7:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
What I don't get is why something that is backed by the federal government/ taxpayers is also on the stock market. No doubt the problem with their executive compensation packages was not the dollar amount, but the means of evaluating performance. If it was tied to quarterly/annual measure of new business, and/or to stock performance (as a result of new business), then that would lead them to pile on the bad loans, even though they were bad, in order to get the payout.
And, it "wouldn't matter" because the government agrees to bail it out. Clearly, there is no way in hell the aggressive, short term performance based compensation mechanism belongs together with the government guarantee.
I also think that, while I would be in favor of a lot more government regulation, it sounds like the fish is rotten from the head in this case. I don't see how what Paulson and Bernanke are proposing is anything other than further institutionalized collusion between the financial sector and the government.
In that case, CEOs should make about what a Senator makes, in fixed annual salary.
July 13, 2008 9:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
Because it was a scheme designed by those who benefit from it to benefit those who designed it.
From the beginning.
July 13, 2008 10:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
In a nutshell, this is how the new system will work or should I say, nothing really has changed? Get used to our “new” economy. Print paper. Loan paper to paper loaners. Paper loaners loan $6mil worth of paper to Raoul, my illegal alien 7-Eleven clerk who makes $6 of paper/hr. at 7-11, but has a 12 bedroom/4 bathroom house and a Hemi. Raoul goes belly up when the interests rate resets due to the paper being worthless. Raoul goes to “Just walk away.com”, and just walks away. Raouls neighbor gets Raouls weeds and blight from abandoned bigfoot. “Bank of Dumb Ass” that loaned Raoul 6mil goes under because Raoul walked away. Government prints more paper to bail out “Bank of Dumb Ass”. My taxes go up to bail out government. Everything costs more, because paper is more worthless than the day before. Beautiful.
That’s all we need to know. We are without a doubt, the largest debtor nation on the face of the earth. Bread and soup lines won’t be far behind after the ponzi scam falls in on itself.
Got gold?
July 13, 2008 9:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
Re: Most rental housing is closed to them
This is a gross exaggeration, many landlords do not check credit scores, and those who do generally don't give a damn about a tenant's credit score or even a past bankruptcy. I've known plenty of people who had no trouble renting places no matter they had bad credit or a recent trip through Chapter 7. Landlords are looking for something very specific in credit records: court judgments by previous landlords. As long as you don't have that sort of history you're generally OK.
July 13, 2008 10:23 PM | Reply | Permalink
I can't help but notice that the same people who scream bloody murder about the capital gains tax seem to be quite willing to pay the stupid CEO tax. I suspect that is because it is really the stockholders paying it to them and they are quite content with that.
That is, the biggest stockholders in most companies are the management and the board of directors. It is a much safer bet to pay themselves a ridiculous salary than to count on their ability to raise the value of the company over the long run.
We need to convince the voting populace that every income distribution scheme that favors the rich over the poor is in fact a tax on on the lack of affluence, or poverty. Far more insidious than any tax that the rich are asked to pay.
July 14, 2008 1:20 AM | Reply | Permalink
Everyone needs to start (re)reading the progressive historian, Charles Beard, especially his book on the Jeffersonian Republican party. Today, we really do seem to have the kind of wealth transfer scheme they hypothesized as being the aim of the then Federalist Party, which they eventually more or less ran out of business.
July 14, 2008 9:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
JonF311
In California credit checks by landlords are so common that the price landlords can charge tenants is regulated by state law. In fact, tenants should be wary of landlords who don't do credit checks, as it often indicates a landlord who is about to be foreclosed.
July 14, 2008 11:19 AM | Reply | Permalink
Dean,
Your idea about limiting executive compensation at companies that are bailed out by taxpayer dollars is a good one, but it does not go far enough. I mean, $2 million dollars for the idiot/s who brought their company to its knees (or the ones who replace them and who will try to pull the same shenanigans if we let them? After we the taxpayers bail said company out? $2 million is far too much to allow in a case like this. I won't suggest an exact number, but consider these for starters:
JP Morgan, the "robber baron" and one of history's greatest finance capitalists in his own right, would not allow any chief executive or head of any corporation he owned/controlled to make more than 20 times what the lowest paid worker in the company made.
John Montgomery, head of Bridgeway Capital Management and founder of the Bridgeway family of funds (Bridgeway has some fairly well-performing small/micro-cap and aggressive growth mutual funds), is paid no more than 7 times the salary of the firm's lowest paid salaried employee.
George F. Will stated (on townhall.com) that in any firm that the government bailed out with Federal dollars, no executive should be allowed to make any more than the highest pay of a Federal civil servant ($124,010).
OK, that's a robber baron financial empire builder, a mutual fund manager whose firm controls over $6 billion in assets, and a noted political columnist (who I don't think anyone could with a straight face call a liberal or progressive) who all advocate a much stricter standard than CEPR "liberal" Mr. Baker. Your basic premise is sound, Dean, but it needs some real teeth (hopefully the above examples provide some clues) in it if it is ever to "draw blood" from the financial incompetents and miscreants in executive suites who brought us to where we are today.
July 14, 2008 8:27 PM | Reply | Permalink