A Political System Utterly Unresponsive to the Poor

Anyone who has been following my posts in the past few days will have surmised that Unequal Democracy is a rather pessimistic book. But I've saved the most pessimistic finding for last. It concerns the ramifications of economic inequality for the workings of our political system. While Americans have a good deal of tolerance for economic inequality, that tolerance is predicated on the "national myth" that we enjoy "full civic equality despite material differences," as Michael Kinsley once put it. Cynics may doubt that "full civic equality" is a reality - but even they should be dismayed by the extent of inequality in the contemporary American political system.
I have measured the responsiveness of U.S. senators to the views of constituents with different incomes - distinguishing people in the bottom, middle, and top thirds of the national income distribution. The results show that senators' roll call votes are moderately strongly related to the views of middle-class constituents, and somewhat more strongly related to the views of affluent constituents. (The relative weight of affluent constituents is noticeably stronger for Republican senators than for Democratic senators.) What is most striking, however, is that there is no evidence of any discernible responsiveness to the preferences of constituents in the bottom third of the income distribution. The views of tens of millions of people with nothing in common but their low incomes seem to be utterly ignored by their elected representatives. Insofar as they get what they want with respect to policy, it is only because their views happen to correspond with those of affluent and middle-class people - or, even more importantly, with the partisan and ideological impulses of the senators themselves.
One common reaction to these findings is, "Of course elected officials ignore poor people - they don't vote." However, the fact of the matter is that millions of them do vote, and they still get ignored. My analysis allowed for differences in responsiveness attributable to turnout, general levels of political attentiveness, and contact with elected officials and their staffs. I found that voters' views weigh no more heavily than non-voters views in influencing the choices made by their elected officials. Even after taking account of differences in responsiveness attributable to turnout, attentiveness, and contacting, most of the disparity in responsiveness to affluent and poor constituents remains.
This pattern of unresponsiveness to low-income constituents holds for both Democratic and Republican senators. It holds across the whole range of issues that come before Congress, including salient roll call votes on such issues as the minimum wage, domestic spending, and civil rights. It also holds for a variety of salient votes on abortion - an issue where specifically economic interests might be expected to have little traction.
My pessimistic findings are strikingly supported by the separate findings of my Princeton colleague Martin Gilens, who has analyzed almost 2,000 survey questions measuring Americans' preferences regarding a wide variety of national policy issues. For each issue, Gilens examined whether a policy change supported or opposed by various segments of the public was subsequently adopted. He found a strong statistical relationship between the views of affluent citizens and the subsequent course of public policy, but a much weaker relationship for less affluent citizens. When he limited his analysis to issues on which rich people and poor people had divergent preferences, he found that the well-off were vastly more likely to see their views reflected in subsequent policy changes. Gilens concluded that "influence over actual policy outcomes appears to be reserved almost exclusively for those at the top of the income distribution."
The eminent political scientist Robert Dahl once suggested that "a key characteristic of a democracy is the continued responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals." By that standard, contemporary America hardly seems to qualify. While cynics will not be surprised to hear that poor people are less than equal in our political system, even they should be shocked and disturbed by the strength of the empirical evidence suggesting that the views of millions of poor Americans are utterly ignored by their elected representatives. As Gilens put it, "representational biases of this magnitude call into question the very democratic character of our society."

















To what degree might this be a product of the Democrats' monopoly of the African-American vote and racial re-districting? And how much variance are we looking at?
May 16, 2008 2:39 PM | Reply | Permalink
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August 19, 2010 2:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
How much variance are we looking for, really? I'd love to see a big difference, but quite frankly several men and women don't really seem to think there's even a difference. No one is really talking about the truth anyways.
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February 14, 2011 8:43 PM | Reply | Permalink
And yet these poor people keep voting for these politicians who clearly don't care about their problems. That has been the true genius of the Republicans, getting the great masses of the "unwashed" to vote against their own best interests. Sad.
May 16, 2008 3:34 PM | Reply | Permalink
The Founders created the Senate to ensure that the views of the right sort of people would take precedence over those of the rabble.
Looks like they accomplished their goal.
May 16, 2008 4:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
"Of course elected officials ignore poor people; they don't fund campaigns." Or at least, that used to be true. Maybe Obama is changing that.
There's a fundamental confusion in the US, where democracy and plutocracy are conflated., to the point where the real meaning of democracy is lost, to an Orwellian NewSpeak extent.
Democracy is one person, one vote.
Plutocracy is effectively one dollar, one vote.
Democracy is equality; it leaves no one out.
Plutocracy leaves out the poor.
When market economy becomes the object of politics, what one has is not democracy at all, but plutocracy.
Poor people vote in elections, but not so much in the marketplace. Elections happen once every year or so at best. Market transactions happen all the time. It's not a fair fight.
Democracy requires government; markets don't have the same effect, especially where issues like equality are concerned. Markets have no moral or ethical principles or obligations that must be adhered to. The same should not be true of democratic societies or nations.
Markets are lots of things, but they're not everything.
May 16, 2008 5:22 PM | Reply | Permalink
Another small note about the US and equality.
The picture I use here is Francis Bellamy, author of the US' Pledge of Allegiance, a Baptist minister, and a socialist.
I read that, being the good socialist that he was, he wanted it to include the word equality: "One nation, with liberty, justice, and equality for all." But the word equality was left out by others.
I think that speaks to the issue of how much, or how little, this country values the idea of equality.
May 16, 2008 5:40 PM | Reply | Permalink
I apologize for my serial comments, Larry, but I guess you got me started.
Lincoln coined the famous phrase, "government of the people, by the people, and for the people" in his Gettysburg Address, where he also referenced Jefferson's idea from the Declaration of Independence that the US was founded on the presumption - the self-evident presumption, that "all men are created equal."
Lincoln's phrase is taken to define democracy (I take it that way myself).
But consider what Lincoln did not say.
He didn't say, "Market economy of the people, by the people, and for the people."
That's almost an oxymoron.
He didn't say, "Government of the currency, by the currency, and for the currency."
Not an oxymoron, but pretty empty in moral/ethical terms.
This is pretty simple. It's actually quite basic, relating to the principles of the founders.
There is no invisible hand. There never has been an invisible hand, and Adam Smith himself warned of the dangers of inequality with capitalism.
Market economy of the wealthy, by the wealthy, and for the wealthy, doesn't work for anyone but the wealthy. The rest of us need government - of the people, by the people, and for the people.
I would hope that we'd begin to understand that.
Socialism is not either authoritarianism or totalitarianism - it is almost by definition both democratic and egalitarian, and has always been so.
To most Americans, I fear, equality and socialism are pretty close to the same thing - a commitment to equality would be a commitment to socialism, at any level. And they're right, but they really don't like either one. And that's the problem.
May 16, 2008 6:09 PM | Reply | Permalink
Hopefully this is the last one.
We have something in the US that is called "democracy," but it's not really democracy at all (the word does literally mean "people government", by the way).
What's important to us is our precious economy, not those handful of elected officials that pretend to be government.
We socialists know about words being misused this way. What has been called socialism in the past century, well, that wasn't socialism at all, either.
May 16, 2008 6:27 PM | Reply | Permalink
I would suggest that poor people simply don't vote in enough numbers to help change. The same applies to people without health insurance. If America had a law requiring everyone to vote policies would be far better. I've always thought that might vote over two issues, gas and cable TV. Well here's gas.
May 16, 2008 9:23 PM | Reply | Permalink
Re: And yet these poor people keep voting for these politicians who clearly don't care about their problems. That has been the true genius of the Republicans, getting the great masses of the "unwashed" to vote against their own best interests.
The poor vote mainly for Democrats. You can make a case certainly that the Democrats also don't care much about the poor, but I don't think you can blame that on the GOP.
May 18, 2008 12:54 AM | Reply | Permalink
Yes you can blame the GOP!!! Take just the one issue of minimum wage laws. Democrats have fought for this for years and the GOP has killed it for years, yet poor working class voters are convinced the GOP is possibly looking out for them..... fat chance! There is no equivalency at all.
May 18, 2008 4:53 PM | Reply | Permalink
Larry, I wonder did you try and correlate this level of influence by which income level of voters are more inclined to be swing voters? The standard wisdom is that low income voters and minority voters tend to vote (when they vote at all) strongly Democratic. Consequently, it is believed that neither party has much incentive to court these voters, either because they can be sure they will win their vote (Democrats) or because they are sure they will never win their vote (Republicans). Either way, that vote is taken for granted.
It seems to me that this is a powerful dynamic in American politics, exacerbated by the use of a winner take all electoral system where it's quite predictable which legislative districts and which states are competitive. The fact is, I don't believe there are many, if any, competitive congressional districts from an urban area in the United States. That means the voters in those districts can be taken for granted by both Democratic and Republican parties.
Which leads me to my second question: isn't the dynamic you have identified also strongly correlated with an urban vote versus a suburban vote versus a rural vote? Most poor people live in the urban and rural areas. As explained above, most urban areas vote reliably Democratic and are taken for granted. Most rural areas vote reliably Republican and also are taken for granted.
Isn't the real problem here our winner take all electoral system, which allows whole blocks of voters to be sliced and diced into red versus blue districts, with the swing districts (mostly in the suburbs) the ones that receive the greatest attention because they will decide who controls a majority in Congress? So in this slicing and dicing, poor people are cut out of the calculations, because they don't help you (the parties) win elections. This is a very Downsian sort of analysis, in that parties do whatever will help them maximize votes since their job is to win elections.
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August 7, 2008 2:47 PM | Reply | Permalink
And still these sheeple kept voting for the same people in office Republicons. They keep the masses in fear and thus vote against there best interests. Humm kinda sounds like someone else in history ? I think they could do better by watching home improvement and taking some tips from Al. LOL
December 6, 2008 11:32 AM | Reply | Permalink
yeah, what do you mean by responsiveness though? i would be pulling my hair out, i think they firstly look out for number one, which is gonna be how they can improve their own lives within the country and they are (of course) rich so they will look at things from that point of view - its hard for people to see outside of their own circumstances and appreciate the bigger picture - even for politicians Procerin
February 28, 2010 12:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
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