Reflections on Power and Language in Internet Campaigns
I have two thoughts to share, and we can go from there. The first thought is about power, the second about language.
Tom Streeter and I argue in the final chapter of Mousepads, Shoe Leather and Hope that decentralized power is different than decentralized tasks. The internet enables both, but the former increases democracy, whereas the latter increases heirarchical control. The Dean campaign decentralized power; many campaigns have borrowed the tools and innovations from that cycle, but primarily for decentralizing tasks.
Power is decentralized when participants have a meaningful chance to change the structure—what Jonathan Zittrain calls ”generativity.” Power is not decentralized every time a person participates. A supporter can make phone calls, door knock, forward emails, but not be encouraged to strategize on her own; she has little more power than a person sending in a video entry to a Cheerios contest for a new ad campaign. I regularly participate in the newspaper industry by reading papers, but that doesn't give me power to change the structure.
Why should we care? Distributed power leads to distributed responsibility, which is good for a healthy polity.
People who have been involved in political decision-making are more likely to participate intelligently and make good electoral decisions, understanding the challenges, and having insights into character traits that will serve the public good well. They are more likely to think about the public good, having had to justify their positions to others in public language.
We should also care because decentralized communities keep shaking up races; a decentralized candidate will win soon, if not this year. Mike Huckabee and Ron Paul have transformed the Republican race in the last few months; they have the most decentralized campaigns of any I’ve followed. (Neither has a massive online toolkit, notably; both have used the internet to encouraged communities of supporters who do not wait on the campaign’s command to act.)
The second thought is about language. The structure of the political rhetoric of a campaign, or a time, will tell you much about how healthy the democracy is. When most political rhetoric is heard in speeches, the speeches matter; when most political rhetoric is heard in ads, those ads matter; when it is heard and read online (as it is now), the content and structure of the online communications become incredibly important.
The language of the Dean campaign was strong, elegant, and civic; it did not focus on the rhetorical habits of the past generation ("are you better off now than you were…"; "pocketbook issues") but instead put the public, and the idea of a shared public good, at the center of the rhetoric. Even when talking about health care, the language was public and moral. Much of this came from Dean, but a civic language infused the entire campaign.
But it was not just civic, it was lovely. I think that one of the undersung strengths of the Dean campaign—and one reason it was so damn interesting, whatever else it was—is that there happen to have been a great number of extremely good writers on it. Joe Trippi is, among other things, one of the best epic storytellers I’ve ever met.
The book shows off some of the other great writers. Read this from Online Communications Director Matt Gross’s chapter in Mousepads:
This particular winter was a restive one. During the days I would go up onto the mesas north of town, where thumper trucks—the physical manifestation of George Bush’s energy policy—crawled over the bunchgrass and saltbrush and pounded the desert floor, listening for the telltale echo of natural gas deposits on the edges of the national parks. At night I would sit in my office in my half-gentrified duplex next to the trailer park, reading at 56k the news of Bush’s imminent invasion of Iraq. That winter, the larger world—the world of politics and the east and world affairs—had refused to recede, and the silence of the desert had grown maddening.
Or this from Meetup Manager Michael Silberman:
With his head half-cocked, Trippi started drawing circles on the meager whiteboard. He had spent weeks just trying to get someone to put the Meetup button on the homepage of our website, so he sure as hell wasn’t going to let us screw up one of the potentially most important tools to this insurgent campaign. “Okaaaay. This is what traditional campaigns look like. And the military. And broadcast television.” On the whiteboard, Trippi drew the outline of a hierarchical organizational chart—sharp horizontal and vertical lines at ninety degrees that expanded downward like a family tree. “You have the campaign manager, state field directors, county organizers, precinct captains, etc.—all taking orders from above. Nothing happens until someone above them says to jump. Okaaay?” After a typically uncomfortable pause, he pointed to the bulls-eye pattern that he had drawn earlier on the board, while staring at us.
Or this from Email Manager Kelly Nuxoll:
Every day for the final ten days of the quarter the campaign was sending an e-mail to all its supporters, asking them to contribute. In the late afternoon, Trippi would roar out of his office like a bear in springtime, red-eyed and blinking, and dictate a message that was part messianic vision, part exhortation to send money. In Trippi’s vision, the campaign didn’t distinguish between big donors and small. We were all in this campaign together, and the antiwar activists who gave ten bucks would receive the same message as the LGBT-er who had maxed out at $2,000. (Not that Trippi didn’t care about money: I had the impression that if he could have reached through the computer screen, grabbed supporters by their ankles, and shaken them until $2,000 fell out of their pockets, he would have.)
In different ways, all of these writers have a poetic sensibility and attention to language—here narrative, but during the campaign an epic language that permeated the technological efforts. The campaign spoke not with the catch-phrases of movement, but the spirit of it, treating emails more like speeches than like advertisements.
These writers—along with others like Mark Sundeen, Jerome Armstrong, Larry Biddle, Bobby Clark, Joe Rospars, Amanda Michel, frequently inspired by Nicco Mele's in-office poetry recitals—communicated their own sensibilities in thousands of emails and blog posts that millions of people read. Many people read far more of these online communications than they did Dean's speeches.
A public, moral, and somewhat poetic political rhetoric—as much as any technology—was at the heart of the internet campaign. Why do we care? Because as the greeks knew, political rhetoric has a deep impact on the polis, us, the community of people who have come together to make collective decisions.













This is a very important distinction, and I think the most critical strategic decision that supports decentralized power as opposed to tasks -- beyond whether or not independent action is actively suppressed or are immediately consolidated -- is the level of transparency an organization maintains around its operations and strategy.
Without that it's difficult to create an effective independent organization, and it's the success of that kind of social enterprise which is the cornerstone of decentralized power.
December 17, 2007 9:06 AM | Reply | Permalink
Hi Josh, Zephyr et al. It's interesting that Zephyr not only talks about decentralized power -- she's one of several eloquent proponents of that view these days -- but that she also links this to language, to style. I certainly find that "a public, moral, and somewhat poetic political rhetoric" is an appealing goal, and the phrase resonates with what I saw of the Dean campaign.
But when we're talking about where to go next, we have to ask what's poetic political rhetoric and what's just slick word play? The problem is that the same words can be seen as one or the other depending on the point of view. Centrists like Joe Klein -- people who are close to centers of power, if not to the center of some imaginary political spectrum -- often derided Dean as "without substance." (Klein goes so far as to say in his book that "Dean took no inconvenient positions" -- clearly Klein didn't get it.) But what might be done so that eventually folks who tend to agree with him DO start to "get it?"
Maybe the difference is the experience of authenticity. Whatever else you can say about them, Ron Paul and Huckabee come across to their fans as authentic, as having heartfelt positions determined by something other than a simple desire to win. Sometimes authenticity is rough-edged and plain-spoken, sometimes it's delivered with great rhetorical flourish (think of King's "I have a dream" speech); it all depends on context. But the internet is just brush and canvas for the political artists of our time.
December 17, 2007 6:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
Tom, As I read your first two paragraphs, I thought, The difference between poetic political rhetoric and slick word play has something to do with that hard to nail down term, 'authenticity'. So, I was pleased to see you arriving at the same point. Yet, I think there is even more to it than whether Ron Paul or Huckabee comes across to their fans as being authentic. What matters a lot is how authentic their supporters sound.
When Gov. Dean decided to opt out of public financing, several of us were invited up to speak at the press conference. Joe Trippi sat with us before hand and simply told us to speak from our hearts about why we were supporting Gov. Dean and why we supported his decision.
It was this sort of trust that inspired and allowed many of us to speak powerfully and authentically on Gov. Dean's behalf. This trust was very important hits a theme I'll write about, probably tomorrow morning.
December 17, 2007 6:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Well the Ron Paul campaign is certainly decentralized in the sense of people planting hand-painted signs on the freeway exits and so forth. But the man wants to return to the gold standard, for crying out loud.
Is this crackpottery an example of Ron Paul listening to and learning from his supporters? Or does he believe what he believes and not really care whether his supporters know what he believes, or believe the same thing, or describe his beliefs accurately when making their decentralized pitch to others?
I suspect it's more the latter.
December 17, 2007 11:59 AM | Reply | Permalink
Paul and a large number of his supporters actually do believe in the gold standard. Other supporters have decided that it is a minor quibble and that the actual policies that Paul will be able to enact won't be extreme enough to overthrow the current monetary system.
"You say I'm a dreamer. We're two of a kind. Looking for some perfect world that we both know that we'll never find." - Thompson Twins, "Hold Me Now"
December 17, 2007 6:37 PM | Reply | Permalink
I think there is a majaor stumbling block in the way of the decentralized campaign, called the "campaign finance law". That set of rules makes it almost impossible for a small group of supporters of a candidate to do much active campaigning. It is a litany of "no's". No spending of more than $2300 per group unless that group is ostracized by the candidates own campaign. No accepting free or reduced rate printing or meeting places, unless the group is ostracized by the candidates campaign.
If a group consists of 50 people, all of their spending is lumped together as the group expenses, so each member can spend only an average of less than $50, barely enough to print up a supply of flyers or signs for a weekend's effort.
It seems to me that the campaign finance laws are not designed for the type of campaign Dean ran, just for the type of campaign Kerry ran.
By the way, it is very nice to hear from you again Zephyr! I look forward to reading your books.
Hoppy in Sacramento
December 17, 2007 3:57 PM | Reply | Permalink
This is so great. The Dean campaign inspired me to start really writing and reading about politics. Very interesting that you were aware of it.
But Zephyr if you see this, I have a question: in all the discussion of distributed campaigns, somehow Obama's never gets mentioned. I realize he's had a lukewarm reception among progressives (for reasons I'm still a little mystified by), but just from a campaign mechanics perspective, the O camp made the earliest and strongest investment in a self-organizing toolkit out of anyone. They're using the Blue State Digital system that powers my.barack and it provides just about everything that we on the ground in Santa Barbara needed back then.
I'm convinced this played a significant role in how he made his move - and now, at least here in CA, we are about to see the mother of all field campaigns unfold. They've aggressively deployed the VAN, too, and a good on-line field tool was really the last piece of the puzzle.
Some time during the Dean run you said "DeanSpace is the revolution" - since my.barack has most of the functionality of DeanSpace, what do you think? Is Obama moving things forward a lot or am I missing something?
December 18, 2007 1:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
Dan,
Your post hits a bunch of points that I’ve been focusing on, and you can see them in my posts. For me, there is something fundamentally different between DeanSpace and my.barack. It has little to do with functionality, it has everything to do with underlying dynamics.
With DeanSpace, a bunch of volunteers got together in an IRC chat and said, wouldn’t it be neat if we could build some sort of tool to help people self organize and use the Internet to get Gov. Dean’s message out. It was open source software driven by volunteers to help people self organize.
my.barack, as I understand it was created by a company, BlueStateDigital. It is great company and I love the folks working for BlueStateDigital, but it wasn’t volunteer driven, nor is the software open source. Finally, as I understand it, it is hosted and run by the campaign so it isn’t really that much of a self organizing tool. As software, it might be the best thing out there, but it doesn’t get what DeanSpace was about, or touch the legacy of the Dean campaign.
To got back to Zephyr’s differentiation, to me, my.barack seems like decentralized tasks, but not distributed power. Again, following on Zephyr’s differentiation, it feels to me as if the Ron Paul campaign has one of the most distributed power networks going. The idea of getting a bunch of people to contribute to a blimp is not something that I can see ever coming out of a campaign headquarters, yet it is a great example of what distributed power can do. It can come up with innovative ideas that the traditional consultants just wouldn’t think of or wouldn’t be able to pull off.
We saw something similar in the Lamont campaign with the Kiss float. The campaign could never have come up with something like that, but the campaign had a structure and a culture that permitted or even encouraged supporters to come up with innovative ideas.
This gets to my second point. In my latest post, I wrote about the Dean Legacy perhaps being more about people taking back the media. You’re opening line, “The Dean campaign inspired me to start really writing and reading about politics.” Is a perfect illustration of that. Can we create a new media ecology based on distributed power as opposed to power that continues to get more and more concentrated in the hands of a few large corporations? Your writing and reading about politics gives me hope that we can fight this consolidation.
December 19, 2007 5:22 PM | Reply | Permalink
Dan,
I was going to reply, but I think Aldon expressed it perfectly.
Zephyr
December 20, 2007 4:42 AM | Reply | Permalink