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Extraterritoriality

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When I was in high school, we read about a once-widespread practice with the ungainly but memorable name of extraterritoriality, wherein, during the heyday of Western imperialism in Asia, powerhouse Europeans, Americans, and Japanese were beneficiaries of a special privilege: they were exempt from local law. Extraterritoriality caused huge resentment, especially in China, where it was imposed as a result of the Opium Wars.

But that was in a bygone time of vulgar imperialism, right? The practice lasted roughly a century, from the mid-ninteenth through the mid-twentieth. I remember thinking that extraterritoriality was one of those proofs of grotesque power abuse that had, like gunboat diplomacy and uninspected meat, yielded to a more enlightened age.

Blackwater was not yet a beam in the eyes of privatization specialists.

These days I'm wondering if there's anything neo about the imperial practices of the government of the United States.

But of course, I attended that well-known Commie training camp, the Bronx High School of Science.


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If Iraqis don't like the effects of extraterritoriality, all they have to do is revoke the law which granted it. 

Ellen, while perhaps technically valid, your assertion becomes rather specious when regarded through the prism of the economic, military and psychological influence the US wields in Iraq. It verges on ridiculous when the track record of the Bush administration is thrown into the mix.

Iraq says go, Bush says no. Now what? Nobody wants us there as it is. The efforts to drive us out have been well documented. A stern disinvitation is hardly a solution, not even hypothetically.

How do you recomend that our pupets do that? If they do, how do they enforce their revocation?

Regardless of how the Iraqis feel about extrateritoriality, I object to my government condoning lawless behavior. The behavior of this nation in Iraq is a stain on all of us.

Extraterritoriality does not imply immunity.  The failure of "our" government to hold its contractors and their employees liable for their actions is a whole 'nother kettle of fish.

Nobody wants us there as it is.

Excepting, that is, the great majority (almost all?) of the members of the Iraqi government -- legislative and administrative included.

1. You are right extraterritoriality does not imply immunity. It explicitly grants it. The reason imperial governments demand extraterritoriality is so that their people may run roughshod over the heathens.

2. It is not "our" government, it is our government. We are responsible colectively for its actions. It is one of the responsibilities with which we pay for the rights of citizenship in a democracy.

Colaborators are always loathe to see the occupiers leave.

Do you have any source for this? My understanding was that the support of even the Iraqi government was tepid at best.

In one of Stephen Sondheim's undeservedly lesser known musicals, "Pacific Overtures", about the opening of Japan, the subject comes in a song that explains the concept succintly:

Coming next
Is extraterritoriality.
Noting text
Say "extraterritoriality."
You perplexed
By "extraterritoriality"?

Just noting clause
(Don't touch the coat!)
Which say your laws
Do not apply
(Don't touch the coat!)
When we drop by —
Not getting shot,
No matter what:
A minor scrape,
A major rape,
And we escape
(Don't touch the cape!)
That's what is extraterritoriality.

Also, it is by no means clear what standing any "laws" promulgated by Paul Bremer have in any context. The Coalition Provisional Authority does not and never has existed in any American statute. Only force majeur keeps such laws "in effect" in Iraq.

Should the Haditha Marines have been tried in the Iraqi courts?

Yes.

What you need is sustained outrage...there's far too much unthinking respect given to authority. Molly Ivins

The Coalition Provisional Authority went out of business June 28, 2004.

Why would Bremer's decrees have the force of law, thereafter? 

As Forrest Gump's mother would have said, "Tepid is as tepid does." And Mr. Tepid keeps saying "don't leave."

Just to put the 'extraterritoriality' issue in some context, the very reason that there has been a long-standing controversy -- with broad opposition, not only by W Repugs but treated sympathetically in the mainstream media -- to having US military forces ever placed under the flag of the UN; the objection is precisely because US forces do not want ANY serious accountability other than to the US. Let us also remember that, unlike the agenda-and-laundering dog-and-pony show over Monicagate, all personnel of the US armed services, down to the lowest rank, are immune from civilian US accountability to civil suit, (even for major felonies that are also torts), until they have completed their terms of service.

This issue, so intimately close to the current dispute over Blackwater and US forces in Iraq, is yet another example of the many misleading suggestions or implications that 'imperialism' and 'neoimperialism' are basically a REPUG affair rather than a practice of BOTH parties, little questioned even by most mainstream 'hopeful' liberals in the US punditocracy. Let us just keep in mind the impunity with which US servicepeople in PRACTICE are free to violate the rights of foreign civilians, whether in the Korean War, or in wars since.

Sure there is indeed SOMETIMES accountability at the hands of the US government, and private corporations pose a qualitatively more difficult case of accountability (not having the internal military justice system to answer to) but the basic policy is pretty similar throughout the mainstream, on this issue.

Good question. Eppur si muove.

(crossposted)
"Darth", the Emperor used to say to me, "Darth, my boy, nothing binds the people's hearts and minds to the Imperium like having our stormtroopers rape their daughters and kill their aged parents with impunity. I tell you, when people see that very same trooper next day, walking his beat unpunished, they show him some RESPECT!

Our military should be subject to local law unless the military wishes to conveine courts martial in theater quickly enough to show that we value our honor and Iraqi lives.

Nobody wants us there as it is. Excepting, that is, the great majority (almost all?) of the members of the Iraqi government -- legislative and administrative included.

Tom Hayden (Oct 3, 2006):
On September 12, just over two weeks ago, 104 Iraqi parliamentarians signed a petition calling for a withdrawal timetable. There are 275 members of the Iraq parliament, and frequently as many as eighty are not present. The constitution allows a measure to become law if supported by a majority of those present and voting. So the withdrawal proposal suddenly would have become law if it wasn't arbitrarily ordered to a committee for "review".

A similar scenario occurred in July 2005 when at least 82 parliamentarians signed a petition for the "speedy departure of the occupation", and denounced the Iraqi executive for failing to consult parliament as required by law.

Since this year's parliamentary election, when large numbers of Sunnis chose to vote rather than abstain, the number of anti-occupation parliamentarians inevitably grew. According to one Iraqi analyst I have interviewed, between 140 and 160 members would vote for a timetable if one was proposed.
http://www.commondreams.org/views06/1003-34.htm

ecotourism
WeGoEco.com

I suppose that the US practice of extraterritoriality derives from the theory of American exceptionalism, the opinion that the United States differs qualitatively from other nations because of its unique origins, national credo, historical evolution, or distinctive political and religious institutions. The difference is typically expressed as some categorical superiority, to which is usually attached some rationalization or explanation that may vary greatly depending on the historical period and the political context.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism

ecotourism
WeGoEco.com

Well I think either it's Neo-Imperialism or we really really SUCK at it.

Britain and France didn't have problems with their colonies on this level 150 years ago!

The Bushies have often used the experience of the lengthy occupation of Germany, Japan and South Korea as examples of what they are attempting in trying to bring democracy to Iraq. They forget that in each of those nations the U.S. quickly negotiated a Status of Forces Agreement (SoFA) with the occupied nation.

In each case it recognized that there was an effective local government in the country although not a democratic one in South Korea. It both legitimized the local government and reduced political tensions caused by the American occupation. It also had the rather salutory effect of making every American G.I. in any of those nations look at the locals as human beings instead of targets and prey.

The fact that there is no suggestion of establishing an SoFA in Iraq means that the Bush administration has failed to create or permit an effective national government there. Bremer's creation of an extraterritoriality arrangement led to the problem and is an example of the utter ignorance of the Bush people trying to deal with the Middle East.

In 1968 in Germany a Sp4 who worked for me was drinking and driving and hit a slick cobblestone road. He skidded off the road, took down a yield sign, and the sign swung out and clipped a local German in the back of the head, killing him almost instantly. Under the SoFA the German courts took the case, convicted him of manslaughter, gave him a year in prison and charged him with the rather unique German penalty of Wergild in which he paid the family a hefty sum for the loss of the bread winner. It was a German solution to a German crime, even though the criminal was an American G.I. It was also an extremely clear declaration that the Germans were a sovereign people.

Cheney would have considered that solution anathma.

I wonder if the paranoid fool Cheney knows enough history to even spell extraterritoriality, let alone knows what it means and how it poisons international relations. I know Bush doesn't. I similarly doubt that Eric Prince does, either.

When our country has a sane president, the military occupies a country that has attacked us and is now defeated by our military, who are in control. There is no civilian government to charge or try US military personnel for whatever they do. Then it is the Geneva Conventions that are the law.

Since the excuse for our continued presence in Iraq is that we are assisting the Maliki government to maintain order, we should be subject to Iraq laws, so if our military personnel breaks those laws they should be charged and tried under those laws.

Hoppy in Sacramento

The normal practice when the US military is in a sovereign country (e.g. Japan) is to negotiate a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). The purpose of such an agreement is to set forth rights and responsibilities between the United States and the host government on such matters as criminal and civil jurisdiction, the wearing of the uniform, the carrying of arms, tax and customs relief, entry and exit of personnel and property, and resolving damage claims.
--
edit: I now see that RickB covers SOFA below.

Extraterritoriality hardly is unique to the US. It wasn't pretty in pre-WWII China or other places where the presence was clearly colonial, although there some dramatic actions by Americans and Europeans during an event like the Rape of Nanking, where the Japanese rarely took on the foreigners.

Once there is a functioning local government, the argument for their jurisdiction becomes stronger -- but there will be cases where it isn't ready yet, and the UCMJ and Geneva Conventions, promptly applied, are the only reasonable alternative.

I totally reject the idea that contractors are not subject to UCMJ or Geneva jurisdiction, regardless of who contracts them. If the local law enforcement isn't working yet, the military has jurisdiction over them; that they are contracted to State is a thin excuse.

There does need to be due regard for things that the locals might consider criminal, but are rights for Americans. Before assuming the locals should have jurisdiction, consider difficulties, such as happened in Saudi Arabia before some wise people found ways of avoiding conflict. A female American soldier, on duty, had her sleeves rolled up. When a Saudi religious policeman saw her, he struck the ungodly, tempting woman with his whip of office. She responded as a soldier being attacked, but with restraint -- she didn't shoot him, but spun around and knocked him to the ground with her rifle butt. That was self-defense and a proportionate level of force, in that she didn't shoot him.

Also consider that an American religious observance might be criminal by the laws of an Islamic state. That's the sort of thing where a status of forces agreement is necessary.

--
Howard

*equal opportunity offense to both extremes*

"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" [George Santayana]

The most disgusting part of this is that a young man clearly part of a military unit (though not in uniform, asw many poor combatants are not) throws a grenade at American soldiers mopping up after killing almost all his comrades and is charged under US Code with murder. It is against US law to defend yourself in your own country against US forces trying to kill you.

Don't get me wrong. I'm a veteran who was lucky enough never to see combat because of where and when I served. I have no love for those who try to kill us.

But how is it that our enemies are criminals no matter what they do and our (paid) allies are blameless no matter what they do? And we wonder why they hate us.

"Britain...didn't have problems with their colonies on this level 150 years ago!"

True, but 230 years ago the King of England did find himself on the wrong end of a paramilitary militia which justified their hostile actions, in part, because they felt themselves to be victims of an occupying power, operating outside of the law and accountability...viz:

"For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
"For protecting them, by a *mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:"

*note that the British at least had the good manners to pretend to have a trial...

Well, if you went to a science school, then you should have figured out by now that this whole
ugly mess is a resource war, nothing more and
nothing less, and the reason that those resources are in contention is likely parked outside your house or whatever.

Behold the wonder known as the internal combustion engine. You put liquid in there,
you set it on fire, and the spinny thing spins.
Maybe that's an oversimplification, but you get
the liquid from a myriad of companies that
buy it from refineries that buy it from countries
overseas. Your gasoline dollar goes first to
the locals, then up to the regionals, and finally
to the overseas people, with lots of intermediaries in between. It is this alien
facehugger-type relationship that the oil biz
has with our economy and daily lives that is,
in my mind at least, at the heart of the
reason for the Iraq war, and it's not just
america that wants oil, there's a laundry list
of oil/fuel importers around the world, people
that don't have it but are looking to buy it.
It's a seller's market for petroleum/products,
and remember, you're just a 'consumer', so you
have no real say in the matter. SOMEone will
buy their crap, so it's a self-reinforcing thing...
Now, back to the science thing: How do you
move a 2,500 pound car down the road without
using gasoline made from imported petroleum?
Test thursday...

As best I can tell, these Backwater mercenaries serve three essential functions. They allow the President to understate the true number of soldiers deployed, and to low ball the true cost of deploying them. They act as human shields against accountability for what amounts to a rampaging death squad. And they help Republicans grease the palms of one of their most generous contributors.

Backwater's existence is an unmitigated detriment to the national security interests of the United States. The company should be summarily fired and permanently blacklisted from government work of any kind.

For the historically inclined, regarding American exceptionalism, the US is sometimes referred to as the City Upon a Hill. Special.

City upon a hill is a phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. The phrase is derived from the metaphor of Salt and Light in the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus given in the Gospel of Matthew. The Puritan's new community in the "New World" was believed to be a community specially ordained by God.

Some "new progressives" (DLC) have picked up on this image. See: A City on a Hill by Michael Signer
http://www.democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6470

That only worked because France and Spain threw down on our side....

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