Defining Isolationism Down
Ryan Lizza and James Forsyth in TNR both say the "isolationism" talk in the State of the Union speech was a shot at conservative realists rather than liberal isolationists, an interpretation that's also being urged on me by my colleague Garance Franke-Ruta. This is, I guess, possible. For the sake of intellectual integrity, however, I think it's every bit as much worth resisting efforts to portray every Tom, Dick, and Harry who was against the Kosovo War or might have doubts about the wisdom of invading Sudan as an isolationist as it is to resist said portrayal of opponents of the Iraq War.
After World War One, Woodrow Wilson wanted the United States to join the collective security arrangements of the League of Nations. This was successfully opposed by isolationists. Starting in the late 1930s, Nazi German launched a campaign of aggressive warfare against Czechoslovakia, Poland, France, the United Kingdom, Greece, Yugoslavia, Denmark, Norway, and the Soviet Union. Franklin Roosevelt sought to have the United States intervene through measures short of war on behalf of the anti-Nazi coalition. This was opposed, with some failures and some success up until Pearl Harbor, by isolationists. At the end of the war, Harry Truman set up the United Nations and the collective security arrangement of NATO, both of which were unsuccessfully opposed by a much weaker isolationist faction.
Insofar as "isolationism" isn't just a meaningless term of abuse, it ought to apply to people whose views are, in some real sense, like that. There simply aren't any mainstream political figures taking that line. If by "isolationist" we mean "opposed to preventative warfare against potential WMD proliferators" then every president in American history except George W. Bush was an isolationist. If by "isolationist" we mean "doesn't want to use military force to halt genocides" then every president except Bill Clinton is an isolationist. I would suggest that definitions of the term that lead to the conclusion that presidents Truman, Kennedy, and Reagan were all leading isolationists is pretty obviously mistaken.












Comments (27)
An isolationist, apparently, is someone who wants to work through the U.N. If that's the case, I'll proudly accept the label.
February 1, 2006 11:17 AM | Reply | Permalink
Eh, I think it is pretty obvious that President Bush is simply using 'isolationist' as a meaningless term of abuse, as you stated. I think it is pretty obvious that President Bush is trying to co-opt the language of Democratic presidents from Wilson on down to Clinton - we were the ones who fought the Kaiser and the Nazis after all, we were the ones who fought Milosevic even though the Tom DeLays of the world fought tooth and nail against us. Just look at the party affiliations (or even ideological affiliations) of the presidents that George Bush gave a shout out to: I think it was a 4 or 5 to 1 advantage for liberal presidents over conservative presidents. George Bush is trying to reposition the Republican Party as the one that marries the best rhetoric of liberal internationalism with the worst tendencies of imperialistic reactionary regimes. That is why I hate the man so much - he uses our most beautiful words and ideas to justify the most disgusting deeds.
February 1, 2006 11:23 AM | Reply | Permalink
Not having read the walled-off tnr.com pieces, I can't know why the authors conclude that the attack on "isolationists" is directed at a wing of the Republican party rather than at any Democrats. But it is, and I think we know why.
For a political operative (think Karl Rove) the purpose of a SOTU address in an election year is to establish the campaign's themes. Weeks ago, Rove gave his party notice that the Republican's 2006 campaign theme would be the party's reputation for strength in defending the country from foreign threats.
Rove is aware that the failure and inconclusiveness of the Iraq War undercuts that theme. Voters could conclude that Republicans are strong but misguided.
The SOTU address is a warning to the realist wing of the Republican party not to allow this "incompetence meme" to get off the reservation and infect the voting public.
February 1, 2006 11:31 AM | Reply | Permalink
The only people who could fit the bill are Pat Buchanan republicans--opposed to immigration, uncomfortable with free trade, hate nation-building, hate the UN and so forth,
February 1, 2006 11:39 AM | Reply | Permalink
I would suggest that definitions of the term that lead to the conclusion that presidents Truman, Kennedy, and Reagan were all leading isolationists is pretty obviously mistaken.
Of course it is. But this is part of polarization. That is, certain people within elite power circles are trying to mobilize elite opinion against well, most of the American people.
I suggest that this highlights what the maximum program (shorn of pretty words) for that crowd actually is. Another words, if I (or you or whomever) is an isolationist, then these people are imperialists. They might be 'unconscious/cognitively dissonant imperialists', but that is what they actually are. (By cognitively dissonant I mean tending to cheerlead for imperialist measures X, Y and Z while refusing to grasp that XYZ implies ABC. ABC in this case being things like rigging elections, plenty of incidents of grandmothers getting their heads splattered all over the walls of their houses by accident ('We had information that this was a terrorist safehouse'), not to mention the usual intentional bloody suppression.)
This is something that is not going to be amenable to rational argument, Matthew. They want what they want, they see their jobs as depending on it, and they intend to win, regardless of what they have to say or do to win.
The question is, is what will you do, given the above?
ash
['That is all.']
February 1, 2006 11:43 AM | Reply | Permalink
Just substitute "diplomatic multilateralist" for Bush's "isolationist" to which the opposite would "millitaristic unilateralist" which describes this administration and its policies (at least in Iraq) quite well.
As far as I can tell, isolationism (which Bush spoke of again this afternoon) is more closely related to Bush's unilateralism: "you're either with us, or with the terrorists!" Rampant and growing anti-Americanism throughout the world suggests that alot of people must be with the terrorists. America's role as a "Beacon on the hill" is being desecrated and denegrated by those acting in its name. Where's our multinational force in Iraq? Why are members of NATO reconsidering their troop presence in Afghanistan? An action that most nations and their people supported.
February 1, 2006 11:58 AM | Reply | Permalink
I agree that Rove is behind isolationism but I think there is more behind it than I've read so far.
February 1, 2006 11:58 AM | Reply | Permalink
I would hate to think that we have already forgotten how the path to isolation is broad and inviting vis a vis "the path to destruction is broad and many are finding it, but narrow is the gate to salvation and few are those finding it."
The pResident is appealing to the Christian right who he just gave Mr. Alito, and dovetails rather nicely to the Popes encyclical which urges political activity on the part of Christians. Liberal Catholics are less inclined towards the Opus Dei viewpoints of the last two Pontiffs.
On a more political plane, the neocons are very aware of the convergence occurring between Palecons and the libertarians with liberal antiwar sentiments. This is a fragile coalition obviously, since the three groups have little else in common, and few liberals or Greens wish to be caught agreeing with Birchers etc., on any issue, and vice a versa.
One thing we can count on then is for the neocons to continue to exploit their advantage among the beer joint conservatives with the Rush Limbaughs and BOrielly's to promote the military, industrial, corporate consolodation of power using the social conservatives religious code talk to fracture paleocons from the libertarians and liberals with social issues. Whether the Traditional media is a catalyst or useful idiot is of no import. If they are in fact an active partner then the problem is exacerbated, which I think we are in fact facing.
Ultimately the left and the right are going to have to chop of a few fingers from their own hands so that they may remove the two hands of the neocons from the throat of America. We have obtained to the point of hanging together or seperately, and that's the way it is.
February 1, 2006 12:17 PM | Reply | Permalink
Nice job Matt. Another notion that has been making the rounds today is that Bush ran in 2000 on an isolationist, or "quasi-isolationist" or "neo-isolationist" foreign policy. But that's just wrong. Bush ran on a mainstream Republican foreign policy. It took a negative view of one foreign policy staple of Clinton-style Democrats: nation-building. It took a cautious and skeptical line toward another staple: democracy promotion. But it was high on economic globalization, on the continuation of all the standard US security commitments abroad, on the use of US economic power and leadership to pry open foreign markets, and on the use of US military muscle to pressure potential rivals abroad. It favored less multilateral engagement abroad in favor a greater US autonomy to pursue unilateral engagement.
"Isolatism" just seems to be one of those dirty words in American politics like "communism". You can't find a lot of actual adherents to the doctrine, but lots of people would like to burden their opponents with the label.
February 1, 2006 12:22 PM | Reply | Permalink
As NSJ points out above, isolationism, long a cherished paleo-conservative value associated with "avoiding foreign entanglements" is now turned into a perjorative by the neo-cons. Add this to the long list of ways that the neo-cons are not really conservatives at all, but are instead reactionary statists and corporatists who merely CALL themselves that in order to dupe the social conservatives, nationalist conservatives and others. This ploy has worked rather well for them and most Americans have little idea that neo-conservatism bears little resemblance to the conservatism of the early 20th Century.
There were several reasons that the isolationists were much weakened after WWII. The threats of Nazi and Soviet tyranny, the increased technology which had "made the world smaller" and reduced the safety once provided by our geographic position, the necessity of global trade and global resource exploitation had all made an impact. Another reason isolationism waned was also because the perception of it in the mind of the public had changed. Isolationists were actively encouraged and funded by Germany before the US entered WWII. The German-American Bund (and other similar groups) aligned with the isolationists to try to keep the US out of the war. It was obviously in Germany's interests to do so but Axis association with these groups weakened isolationism even more, imho, and it has been weak ever since.
Isolationism is also not in the interests of those who wish the US to take up the mantle of the British Empire and become a globe-straddling American Empire in an overt way and thus isolationism must be maintained in a weakened form or eliminated to insure it never rises again to threaten their dreams of a New American Century.
February 1, 2006 12:26 PM | Reply | Permalink
I'm going to re-emphasize this point I made elsewhere today: the more we debate the issue of isolationism, the more we give it credibility. No one (other than Pat Buchanan) is a serious isolationist today. We should be saying Bush makes no sense and moving on to other topics. All we're doing now is falling for the Bush trap of accepting his terms of debate and defending ourselves against a charge that has no merit. This rush to defend ourselves only makes us seem guilty. Sometimes it's smarter to just change the subject.
February 1, 2006 12:31 PM | Reply | Permalink
Because this president is incapable of coherent human thought, people are always assuming a pattern where none exists. All he was doing in the State of the Union was mouthing the words of a speech writer. It is the job of the speech writer to create a fantasy world that will persuade the voters. The fantasy they are pushing is that "democracy is on the march" and that democratic nations always choose what is right. Therefore it is in the interest of the US to intervene in favor of democracy whenever and wherever it wants. Anyone who disagrees with this delusion is an isolationist. Like most ideas in the conservative pantheon this notion starts with an element of plausability. It is then sent into battle against straw men and becomes an absolute truth. Democracy alone will not make a better world. That requires civilization, a much more complicated subject that requires respect for free inquiry, learning, law and culture. You can't impose civilization with military force. Every war has repercussions that lead to more wars.
February 1, 2006 12:41 PM | Reply | Permalink
Terms of abuse are not "meaningless" just because they are unfair or exaggerated. Most political causes have some unattractive extreme adherents. Opponents of the cause will sensibly try to associate the cause with these unattractive extremists by characterizing them as typical. So opponents of Bush's Iraq adventure are labeled isolationists. The use of "isolationist" rather than say "pacifist" suggests Bush is aiming at right wing opponents of the Iraq war in this case.
February 1, 2006 12:51 PM | Reply | Permalink
Sure, their not isolationists, but rather Jeffersonians and liberal realists, who take the position that advocating for human righs and dignity ends at the water's edge.
Its one thing for the Huntingdons and Buchanans who truly believe in the supremacy of western culture to take the position that non-Westerners should be left to rot. Its another for so-called believers in the universal dignity of all human beings to take what amounts to the same position.
Let's be honest - invading Sudan isn't even close to on the table. Simply ratcheting up the heat on the Sudanese government would be a step in the right direction. But very little is being done by liberals to pressure Bush on his hypocritical inaction in the face of the Darfur genocide.
And those liberals who do advocate for doing more than simply watching a genocide unfold in slow motion are condemned as "neocons." Bush isn't the only one who plays the straw-label game.
February 1, 2006 1:05 PM | Reply | Permalink
The term will eventually will be turned into anti-Semitism.
Charles Lindberg addressed this point when
,At an America First rally in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 11, 1941, he made a speech titled "Who Are the War Agitators?" in which he claimed that Americans had solidly opposed entering the war when it began, and that three groups had been "pressing this country toward war"
Under the heading OUTBREAK OF WAR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindberg
In fact, hasn't the President in the recent past, mentioned this subject? That some have blamed our foriegn policy on Israel are wrong.
Google: Lindberg isolationist
February 1, 2006 2:46 PM | Reply | Permalink
A previous discussion about the Israeli/Palestinian conflict opened my eyes, to how naive I was.
I realize that the issue is very complex. Can we afford, not to defend Israel? I don't know the answer anymore. I just want honesty. Not code words that divide. Is America only hated by the extremists because of this one issue? Tell me Mr. President the truth.
But I find it so disengenious on the part of our President to level with us. So that we can make informed decisions, without him manipulating us with his choice of words. His mind games frustrate me, as though he was so smart and everyone else is stupid. I don't want to hate anybody, especially on taking his word for it. But if Israel is my brother, then at least I can base my decison on the truth and not be a pawn.
February 1, 2006 3:39 PM | Reply | Permalink
We have to turn their spin back at them. We say "Does that mean we believe in defending the Homeland first?" Does that mean we educate our own children first? Does that mean we provide health care for our own children first? Does that mean we rebuild our own cities first? Does that mean we care for our elderly first? Frankly, all those questions ought to be put to the neo-hawks in our own party.
February 1, 2006 3:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
No, of course not only!
That's a strawman-like argumentation.
But few with knowledge of the Mid-East or the Islamic World would give you any more important reason than the U.S. continuous and hypocritical support for Israel's bad treatment of the Palestinians.
It's fundamental to recognize that the extremists represents the outer edge of a continuum. Mainstream people surely do not approve of the extremists' methods, and often not of their religious or political aims, but that is not to say that people in general should lack at least some degree of understanding or sympathy for the same extremists.
February 1, 2006 4:01 PM | Reply | Permalink
This country was founded in part on the premise of trade with all, entangling alliances with none; it's in our political DNA.
Of course, the idea of wholly extricating ourselves from the troubles beyond our borders is today a fantasy - many problems are regional and global in scale - but Democrats need to learn again the value of isolationist rhetoric as a corrective to the rhetoric (not to mention actuality) of interventionism gone wild.
We're already borrowing billions per day to pay for our domestic and foreign commitments. In a few more years tens of millions of Americans will begin collecting entitlements. Without a major fiscal and economic course correction, taxes will (contrary to Democratic propgaganda) need to be raised in 2018 or thereabouts to pay for Social Security. The Medicare trust fund is set to go broke in the same time frame. The estimated deficits for Medicare alone in coming decades are projected to be in the tens of trillions of dollars.
And seeing that aging Americans are not (thankfully) going to be willing to forego their cancer and diabetes treatment so Mr. Bush (or his successor) can play emperor, and younger Americans are not going to be willing to pay double and triple digit tax increases, *someone* needs to begin laying the rhetorical groundwork for a major drawdown of the American military presence abroad (and not just in Iraq and Afghanistan). Global security needs to be genuinely multilateralized in the next decade or two, and given the unlikelihood of the GOP be willing to admit it, the Democrats had better do so.
PS Mr. Bush's jab wasn't aimed at conservative isolationists, who today make up a marginal part of the GOP coalition. It was in anticipation of the coming assault from younger, left-libertarian Democrats like Hackett.
February 1, 2006 4:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
What's up with the obsessing over the word Isolationist? That was probably the most throw away part of his entire speech, at least in regards to FP, becasue there is no great support for, or debate on, the idea of isolationism. It may have more meaning in an economic sense, i.e. "Free trade," which he spoke more about.
But again, the whole Blogoshpere seems to have latched onto the word isolationist, while ignoring everything else, to the point of absurdity. Enough hair slpitting and sophistry and a throw away part of the speech.
How about his declaration to buy his way into the black southern churches? Has anyone mentioned that? How about his declaration to increase spending in energy research, which surely means corporate welfare. Wake up people.
February 1, 2006 6:49 PM | Reply | Permalink
"Isolatism" just seems to be one of those dirty words in American politics like "communism". You can't find a lot of actual adherents to the doctrine, but lots of people would like to burden their opponents with the label.
Which is why I don't understand the obsession with that part of the speech. There was a lot more in the speech, a lot more scary stuff, than a little bit of silly name calling.
February 1, 2006 6:52 PM | Reply | Permalink
Bush et al have attempted to own social security, medicare/medicaid, energy policy, etc. by re-casting them in far-right terms. By using the 'isolationalist' term (now a bad thing), he attempts to re-define 'internationalism' (now a good thing) as militarism in pursuit of national goals.
An effective counter-strategy shouldn't be too difficult. Democrats and centrist Repulcians can take the issues back by defining the issue in a more pragmatic (and realistic) way. Using the war example, point out that we are moving our strength (troops) outside our own boarders, leaving use weak at home. Go further by pointing out that the President is out of touch with America, spending all his time on the war (the woeful Katrina seems an obvious case in point). For a final kicker, use the old Regan line of: "Are you better off now than you were 8 years ago?" And so on. But maybe I'm just stating the obvious...
February 1, 2006 7:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
The stereotypicial isolationist would be someone who is paleoconservative, but who does not object to the use of American force abroad in it self so much as he thinks we shouldn't waste our money, manpower & resources in foreign entanglements that the nation has no stake in. In grained in this would be a skepticism of 'nation-builidng' or the ability to transform illiberal states into liberal ones.
This would be contrasted with what you can call the 'liberal isolationists' who expressly object to the projection of American military power in itself. Who view the U.S. & the U.S. military with skepticism if not outright hostility & think that American 'imperialism' and hegemony as carried through by the U.S. military is responsible for all or most of what is wrong with the world.
The division isn't cut & dry though. We see plenty on the anti-war left who have no problems parroting the argument's of the isolationist right I.E., a skepticism of nation-building, and a general sentiment to the effect of "American military should be used to defend the homeland, not spread democracy around the world". Oddly enough it was watching a debate moderated by Amy Goodman, where she insinuated that Iraqi forces should have been home aiding the Katrina victims than busy nation-building somewhere when I finally realized the extent to which the anti-war left had no problem embracing right-wing chauvinist arguments.
Matt does make a point that the anti-war "America is evil" crowd does support America's role in international institutions and are & least in favor of peace keeping efforts in theory. Something most isolationists generally don't. Although considering the leftist opposition to the intervention in Kosovo, I wonder how many Democrats would still have supported it were it being carried out by a Republican president. I have to say I'm skeptical it would have much support at all.
The anti-war crowd may be objectively isolationist but not theoretically so. Though they flirt with the term, I seriously doubt much of a constituency in the Democratic party is realist. I suppose another term should be created for those who oppose American use of force abroad because they believe America is evil. Right now, as long as the anti-war left expressly embraces right wing arguments against the war, I have no qualms identifying them as Isolationists. Those who object to the term becasue they (rightly) dislike the negative connotation attached to it don't merit much sympathy from me.
February 1, 2006 7:45 PM | Reply | Permalink
It gets so confusing to think that the mainstream people voted overwhelmingly for Hamas. They had to have realized that the United States would ratchet up the rhetoric.
I know that Hamas has genuinely supported Hospitals and schools and Social programs, so it seems mainstream likes what has been done. But it sure seems all the nations are bent on war. It is frightening, the future prospects of the draft, because of escalating tensions. The war atmoshere is creating a situation where peace and reasoning have disappeared.
Who'll survive if no one backs down?
February 1, 2006 9:17 PM | Reply | Permalink
First, if we're dealing with Islamist extremists, their objection is to the existence of Israel, not any particular policies. Hamas is pretty frank about this. There is a basic concept in Islamic law that lands that have been under the rule of Islam are deemed dar-al-Islam and cannot be transferred to non-Islamic rule.
Hamas' position on peaceful partition of mandatory Palestine is no different from the most radical positions taken by most messianic of the Jewish settler movement.
Second, the idea that the Palestinian issue is the principle source of hostility towards the United States is by no means a consensus view outside of the apologists for the authoritarian Arab and Islamic regimes. Clearly, American supoprt for these regimes is a major source of our unpopularity. The 9/11 attackers motivated primarily by the view that we are propping up the corrupt Saudi and Egyptian regimes, not Israel.
Leftists should be aware that the Bush administration isn't the only purvwyor of Kool-Aid when it comes to the Middle East. The Israel-centric theories don't stand up to close scrutiny.
February 2, 2006 9:24 AM | Reply | Permalink
Pat Buchanan blasts Bush in Human Events over phony charges of protectionism and isolationism and claims Bush is running out of alibis.
Why would a president use his State of the Union to lash out at a school of foreign policy thought that has had zero influence in his administration? The answer is a simple one, but it is not an easy one for Bush to face: His foreign policy is visibly failing, and his critics have been proven right.
But rather than defend the fruits of his policy, Bush has chosen to caricature critics who warned him against interventionism. Like all politicians in trouble, Bush knows that the best defense is a good offense.
..................................................
If America is angry over what interventionism and free trade have wrought, George Bush cannot credibly blame isolationists or protectionists. These fellows have an alibi. They were nowhere near the scene of the crime
February 3, 2006 7:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
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