Peace: In Style After All?
Dan Drezner counter-critiques Fred Kaplan's critique of the "peace epidemic" hypothesis. Andrew Mack of the Human Security Center adds more. Drezner and Mack raise some pretty convincing points -- that there seems to be a clear downward trend in the number of casualties is pretty significant.
At any rate, since K-Drum wants policy here's some policy big-think for you -- I believe that world peace is an achievable goal within a non-crazy timespan. I think that whether or not one agrees with this will have a lot of impact on one's thinking about foreign policy. If you're just reconciled to war and brutality as an irredicable element of the human conditions, then the natural thing for the world's leading power to do is to try and horde its power. But if you think peace is achievable, then you're going to think that the United States ought to be trying to take advantage of the "unipolar moment" to put in place the conditions for a lasting and durable peace. This isn't at the surface of most policy disagreements, or even necessarily decisive when it comes to a lot of first-order controversies, but I do think it makes a big difference. I also think the evidence in favor of the peace epidemic hypothesis counts as evidence in favor of my somewhat dippy view of this matter.















Is there evidence that it isn't? There's optimisim and then there's ignoring the reality. Oh well, I'm not in much of a thinking mood tonight but I will say that I share your dippy view because it's the only hope we have of not destroying ourselves.
January 27, 2006 7:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
If you're just reconciled to war and brutality as an irredicable element of the human conditions, then the natural thing for the world's leading power to do is to try and horde its power.
OK, I'll cut you slack on "horde," because it's a homophone for "hoard," which you probably meant. I can't for the life of me figure out what word you were thinking when you typed "irredicable."
January 27, 2006 8:02 PM | Reply | Permalink
I actually tend to agree, but think two conditions must be met: we will require one last big Uplift War in the Rim nations, because destructive technology will spread faster than democracy and free markets and institutions.
And I believe Republicans would prefer the world be a smoldering cinder rather than America being first among equals with nationalism an irrelevancy.. They will kill us all if we don't stop them.
January 27, 2006 8:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
It may well be possible that we are on the verge of a major peace outbreak. It may well be possible that this is the lull before the storm of wars. One thing is certain - we have no way of making an informed guess. So, since it is a much more pleasant feeling to believe the former, why not do so?
If we continue the Bush administration tactic of unilaterally declaring that we are at war, that the war will be a very long one, that we can never know if it has ended, then this terrible, terrible Global War can only become more terrible, terrible. But, let us just think happy thoughts - President Gore will usher in a long lasting era of peace starting in about 5 years.
January 27, 2006 8:24 PM | Reply | Permalink
Irreducible? Irradicable? [sp?]
I know MY will disagree about the Uplift War, IIRC, he believes democracy and institutions and civil society can't be spread by force. But whether or not forced uplift is impossible, I believe it will be necessary and inevitable.
1) Assymetrical warfare is going to become a bitch in the next fifty years.
2) Under continuing threats and damage done by the above assymetrical warfare, the only chance a liberal internationalism has will be, paradoxically, with a militaristic Democratic Party nullifying the Republican advantage on defense and security. That may be an impossible Democratic Party, but I can be a dreamer too, and anyone who thinks they can win American elections in a sustained manner under a peace and disarmament platform should move to Sweden.
January 27, 2006 8:57 PM | Reply | Permalink
Mack seems to stick the point of deaths per conflict, down to 600 at the start of this century, down from 37,000 around 1950, but that has more to do with the nature of warefar than the increase in peace.
First, the cold war itself, outside of Korea and Vietnam, has been the number 1 deterent to large scale conflicts and high body counts...the threat of the atom bomb and MAD has kept the world from destroying itself. The likelyhood of seeing the number of soldiers killed that we saw in WWII is expodentially smaller now. To put this in reference, in Russia, during WWII, 1 in 8 citizens died due to battle, starvation or the elements. Of course numbers are down, the majority of nations putting enough troops in the line of fire are wielding machettes and machine guns during tribal or cival wars, which will be near impossible to eliminate.
Second, warfare itself has changed. Both now and in the future, which is what this report seems to be commenting on, the type of enemy will be no longer be a state, but a group that transcends national boundries based on an idea. Last year, the National Counterterrorism Center released statistics on the increase in terrorists attacks for 2004. The numbers were up three time greater than 2003. CNN had a quick recap of the numbers. Coincidentally, the Bush administration censored the numbers for 2005 and asked that they not be published. I haven't yet found the report, but Al Franken mentioned on his show about a week ago that they have been released by the group assisting State.
While warfare, as we have known it for as long as history can remember, may be coming to an end, there is a new breed of war laying its foundation across the globe. This should be the real concern and doesn't seem to be fully accounted in the Human Security Center report.
January 27, 2006 9:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thomas Homer-Dixon at Toronto has written extensively about the relationship between resource scarcity and conflict in the post-Cold War world. It isn't inevitable in all cases, but may become more common in some places in an era of rising energy costs, (continued) population increases, diminished availability of fresh water, food shortages, etc. The world is decades (at least) away from being able to produce nearly unlimited cheap, clean energy (through solar power of fission), manage its resources properly, and provide a high standard of living for most people on the planet (most deaths in the developing world are still from disease and malnutrition).
January 27, 2006 9:29 PM | Reply | Permalink
I assume djmoonbat was complaining about the prose rather than asking what it meant, but just in case, I'm sure he means "ineradicable."
Of course, the timetable for peace and prosperity has to take into account that Bush has plenty of time left in office. And, as with the courts, the mess he made will last a lot longer.
January 28, 2006 6:25 AM | Reply | Permalink
Jared Diamond's "Collapse" addresses resource depletion and conflict, with excessive detail. He points out that the risks of societal collapse are not necessarily lower in more advanced states or cultures. Dependence on trade relationships can lead to collapse if the trade is disrupted.
Resource depletion is the culprit in all cases, but sometimes it is contained within the society, as in the deforestation of Easter Island, and sometime it is being cut off from essential supplies, as in Polynesia. An oil war would put us at risk.
A combination of population pressure and resource depletion (deforestation, mainly) led to Rwanda's collapse in ethnic conlict.
There will be many opportunities for conflict if current trends persist. A new feature not addressed by Diamond is climate change, especially rising sea levels. Reduced land area and damage from more energetic storms will increase population and resource pressure.
Expect trouble.
January 28, 2006 8:28 AM | Reply | Permalink
Assymetrical warfare is going to become a bitch in the next fifty years
By this, do you mean terrorist attacks by non-state agents?
Do you mean civil wars in failed states, as in the Sudan?
Do you mean ethnic insurgencies against existing states, as in Russia?
Do you mean that imperialist wars by the US are going to opposed by ill-armed insurgencies?
I'm being a little snarky here, but I've heard this before, and when I read it in your message, I realized I didn't know what it meant. The only way the US is going to get involved in asymmetrical warfare that I can see is when it involves itself, as in Iraq, in imperialist adventures.
January 28, 2006 10:34 AM | Reply | Permalink
I fail to see what's new here.
A study of history shows wars eventually end and things change. Some wars take longer to end than others and some things change faster than others.
Some people think that because of the global information revolution that these cycled have speeded up; they are judging this by looking at history since the Industrial Revolution and comparing it to the rest of human history. I haven't decided yet, I do tend to agreeing with the progress or "progressive" view, as it mimics evolution and other science so nicely. But I am always wary that my own brain may be tricking me when I think that way.
:-)
please do note the smilie.
January 28, 2006 11:42 AM | Reply | Permalink
more thoughts in this vein are here including in the comments: War Making Headlines, but Peace Breaks Out. We do have evidence of a movement away from the great nation state world wars of past centuries. But ah, is it "progress" for us to return back to more civil strife tribal violence? Is that indicative of us returning to solve the real problems of the human race that we have been ignoring, or is it evidence of us taking several steps backwards once again?
January 28, 2006 11:51 AM | Reply | Permalink
All of the above. Perhaps you need to visit NY and the Twin Towers site. The US is not going to need to go hunting assymetrical warfare, it will come looking for us. I could be wrong, but I believe as the Rim Nations, especially the Arab/Islamic areas, are left further and further behind by globalization and int'l cross-culturalism and modernism we will see an increase in all kinds of small acts of destruction be reactionary elements. OK City, anthrax, the beltway snipers, Madrid, the Moscow theater are all connected in my mind. Groups and causes may come and go, but the capability will remain and new groups and causes will arise. Of course. one fear is WMD in hostile hands.
But I think the cumulative effects of the smaller events are being grossly underestimated, especially for America. While the small events may not cause major actual damage, there has been a rise in the expectation of security such that the psychological and political effects will be disproportionate to the actual damage. 9/11 didn't change everything, except for making George Bush a king.
Now Democrats (or Republicans) may not actually be able to stop OK City type events, but Democrats need to be perceived as doing something large and forceful in order to counter the ancient Republican "law and order and security" bullshit and actually get elected. My "Uplift War", besides being nice and possibly even profitable by creating markets, would be manpower intensive (think Peace Corps + NGOs+ WHO+ etc + force protection, all under int'l auspices) meaning jobs and multipliers and Democratic pork under an ideology of humanitarian intervention.
I am going on too long with a comment that very few will find interesting or useful. If you think that in a world of Peak oil and global warming and Chinese/Indian competition Egypt will inexorably rise to 1st world status there is no problem. If you think that a permanent 3rd world Egypt can be contained or ignored or incrementally assisted there is no problem. If you think Republican hegemony can't delay or reverse progress, tho they try their utmost to destabilize the world, there is no problem.
January 28, 2006 12:48 PM | Reply | Permalink
Thanks for your comments.
I confess I have no idea what the prospects of collapse for sophisticated, technological societies are (I'm not sure it has ever happened before), but I do believe the prospect of regional and global systems disruption is significant.
Dixon writes about this subject and has written a book - really the book - about the relationship between resource scarcity and conflict.
January 28, 2006 3:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
Diamond studies not just cultures but civilisations, and some had very elaborate trade systems as well as large-scale public works.
Here's one scenario: The Gulf Stream stops and Europe's growing season disappears. How to feed 350 million people? This would not be famine in Africa, but in nations with capable military forces. Scary.
An epidemic of the right sort could stop trade dead. A war of the right sort could stop oil.
Less dependence on centralized power generation and large-scale agribusiness would reduce the risks. A technological civilisation is more capable but also more brittle. Cost competition drives manufacturers to avoid large inventories of supplies but this means interruptions are deadly. Power companies are in the same boat, in that they prefer not to maintain extra generators for peak loads, instead buying it off the grid. This makes the grid brittle and very reactive.
In general, the more complicated the structure the harder to anticipate failure modes.
January 28, 2006 3:26 PM | Reply | Permalink
"Less dependence on centralized power generation and large-scale agribusiness would reduce the risks."
I agree. I tend to think the effects of global warming, and implications for the gulf stream, are very difficult to game, but it seems clear that in an era of eroding national borders, and the diminished primacy of nation states, localism and a new tribalism will be better buffers against the threat of systems failure than central governments. We can hate postmodernism, but we ignore its insights and its implied solutions at our peril.
January 28, 2006 4:37 PM | Reply | Permalink
I believe that world peace is an achievable goal within a non-crazy timespan. I think that whether or not one agrees with this will have a lot of impact on one's thinking about foreign policy. If you're just reconciled to war and brutality as an irredicable element of the human conditions, then the natural thing for the world's leading power to do is to try and horde its power.
But 'war' and 'brutality' are not synonyms. Brutality and repression on a broad scale and, and does, occur without war (even anything that rises to the level of civil war). In fact, in the past, it was standard operating procedure to accept brutality and repression for others in order to preserve peace for ourselves, and many now seem quite nostalgic for that form of 'peace'.
January 29, 2006 10:54 AM | Reply | Permalink
Some good analysis here. I like your Uplift War (do you read D. Brin?)
I don't expect to see it, though. Money is too powerful. I expect no conflict between matched powers but there will be plenty of local war as resources tighten up and population pressure increases. I expect future terrorism as revenge for climate refugees. A good reason to look like we're trying.
I'm pretty pessimistic over the next hundred years. Narrow self-interest is so genetically deep in most people that suicidal policies will persist. Worst-case guess is a further downward spiral of resource depletion, war, disease, and climate catastrophe, with some folks getting off-planet. If those survive, at a distant furtue time we will restore Earth.
I'm stuck here, though, as are my children, so I'll keep trying to ameliorate the worst tendencies in local ways.
January 29, 2006 12:09 PM | Reply | Permalink
手机铃声 铃声下载 免费铃声 免费铃声下载 免费手机铃声下载 和弦铃声 三星铃声 三星手机铃声下载 MP3铃声 手机铃声下载 手机自编铃声 MP3手机铃声 诺基亚铃声下载 NOKIA铃声下载 小灵通铃声下载 真人铃声 MP3铃声下载 自编铃声 联通铃声下载 移动手机铃声下载 联通手机铃声免费下载 TCL铃声 飞利浦铃声下载 特效铃声 搞笑铃声 MIDI铃声 铃声图片 MMF铃声下载 免费手机图片下载 免费手机点歌 手机短信 手机彩信 手机彩铃 康佳手机铃声下载 TCL手机铃声下载 迪比特手机铃声下载 手机和旋铃声 三星手机铃声 三星手机和弦铃声下载 波导手机铃声下载 熊猫手机铃声下载 免费手机铃声 科健手机铃声下载 海尔手机铃声下载 诺基亚手机铃声下载 手机和弦铃声 手机铃声图片下载 飞利浦手机铃声下载 手机自编铃声曲谱 小灵通手机铃声下载 手机铃声编辑 CDMA手机铃声下载 摩托罗拉手机铃声下载 联通CDMA手机铃声下载 松下手机铃声下载 东信手机铃声下载 联想手机铃声下载 中兴手机铃声下载 大显手机铃声下载 首信手机铃声下载 三星手机自编铃声 三星CDMA手机铃声 康佳手机和弦铃声 MP3手机铃声下载 索尼爱立信手机铃声 手机铃声大全 三星手机铃声图片下载 手机特效铃声 手机铃声制作 三星手机铃声免费下载 TCL手机自编铃声 松下手机自编铃声 飞利浦手机自编铃声 诺基亚手机自编铃声 摩托罗拉自编铃声 三星手机MP3铃声 手机MP3铃声制作软件 免费MP3铃声下载 摩托罗拉MP3铃声 三星MP3铃声下载 联通MP3铃声下载 中国移动铃声下载 中国联通手机铃声下载 免费联通手机铃声 联通铃声 联通用户手机铃声下载 联通手机和弦铃声下载 联通手机铃声图片下载 小灵通铃声免费下载 和弦铃声免费下载
免费下载三星铃声 诺基亚免费铃声下载 联通免费铃声下载 免费铃声图片下载 MMF铃声免费下载 TCL免费铃声下载 免费下载铃声 手机铃声免费下载 松下免费铃声下载 NOKIA免费铃声下载 MIDI铃声免费下载 和弦铃声下载 TCL免费手机铃声下载 免费手机铃声图片下载 免费手机铃声下载网站 小灵通手机铃声免费下载 诺基亚手机铃声免费下载 摩托罗拉手机铃声免费下载 三星和弦铃声 CECT和弦铃声下载 三星T108和弦铃声 NOKIA和弦铃声下载 康佳和弦铃声下载 迪比特和弦铃声下载 阿尔卡特和弦铃声 CDMA和弦铃声下载 夏新和弦铃声下载 西门子和弦铃声 诺基亚和弦铃声 联通和弦铃声 三星铃声下载 三星和旋铃声 三星T108铃声下载 三星手机铃声乐园 三星CDMA铃声下载 三星免费铃声 三星真人铃声 诺基亚3100铃声下载 NOKIA手机铃声下载 怎样下载小灵通铃声 真人铃声下载 真人真唱手机铃声下载 联通用户铃声下载 联通CDMA铃声下载 TCL手机铃声图片下载 TCL手机和弦铃声下载 飞利浦630铃声下载 三星特效铃声 手机特效铃声下载 搞笑短信 MMF手机铃声 MMF格式铃声 免费短信 短信笑话 幽默短信 经典短信 谜语短信 短信祝福 爆笑短信 生日短信 爱情短信 精彩短信 情人节短信 短信传情 节日短信 彩信图片 彩信动画 彩信相册 免费彩信下载 三星彩信 联通彩信 移动彩信 彩信铃声 免费彩铃下载 移动彩铃 联通彩铃 12530彩铃 小灵通彩铃 免费三星手机铃声 免费和弦铃声 手机图铃下载 免费图铃下载 待机彩图 三星手机待机彩图 丰胸铃声
网络游戏 免费游戏下载 小游戏 在线游戏 游戏外挂 游戏论坛 游戏点卡 联众游戏 泡泡堂游戏 游戏攻略 FLASH游戏 单机游戏下载 美女 美女图片 美女写真 美女论坛 性感美女 美女走光 街头走光 走光照片 免费电影下载 免费在线电影 免费电影在线观看 小电影 免费成人电影 免费激情电影 电影论坛 PP点点通电影下载 BT电影下载 免费三级电影 爱情电影 舒淇电影 韩国电影 周星驰电影 流行音乐 免费音乐下载 音乐在线 在线音乐 古典音乐 音乐试听 MP3音乐 MP3下载 MP3播放器 MP3随身听 免费MP3歌曲下载 QQ下载 申请QQ QQ幻想外挂 QQ表情 QQ挂机 珊瑚虫QQ QQ头像 QQ游戏 QQ空间代码 QQ个性签名 网络小说 玄幻小说 成人小说 爱情小说 小说下载 金庸小说 武侠小说 聊天室 语音聊天室 列车时刻表
手机铃声 铃声下载 免费铃声 免费铃声下载 免费手机铃声下载 和弦铃声 三星铃声 三星手机铃声下载 MP3铃声 手机铃声下载 手机自编铃声 MP3手机铃声 诺基亚铃声下载 NOKIA铃声下载 小灵通铃声下载 真人铃声 MP3铃声下载 自编铃声 联通铃声下载 移动手机铃声下载 联通手机铃声免费下载 TCL铃声 飞利浦铃声下载 特效铃声 搞笑铃声 MIDI铃声 铃声图片 MMF铃声下载 免费手机图片下载 免费手机点歌 手机短信 手机彩信 手机彩铃 康佳手机铃声下载 TCL手机铃声下载 迪比特手机铃声下载 手机和旋铃声 三星手机铃声 三星手机和弦铃声下载 波导手机铃声下载 熊猫手机铃声下载 免费手机铃声 科健手机铃声下载 海尔手机铃声下载 诺基亚手机铃声下载 手机和弦铃声 手机铃声图片下载 飞利浦手机铃声下载 手机自编铃声曲谱 小灵通手机铃声下载 手机铃声编辑 CDMA手机铃声下载 摩托罗拉手机铃声下载 联通CDMA手机铃声下载 松下手机铃声下载 东信手机铃声下载 联想手机铃声下载 中兴手机铃声下载 大显手机铃声下载 首信手机铃声下载 三星手机自编铃声 三星CDMA手机铃声 康佳手机和弦铃声 MP3手机铃声下载 索尼爱立信手机铃声 手机铃声大全 三星手机铃声图片下载 手机特效铃声 手机铃声制作 三星手机铃声免费下载 TCL手机自编铃声 松下手机自编铃声 飞利浦手机自编铃声 诺基亚手机自编铃声 摩托罗拉自编铃声 三星手机MP3铃声 手机MP3铃声制作软件 免费MP3铃声下载 摩托罗拉MP3铃声 三星MP3铃声下载 联通MP3铃声下载 中国移动铃声下载 中国联通手机铃声下载 免费联通手机铃声 联通铃声 联通用户手机铃声下载 联通手机和弦铃声下载 联通手机铃声图片下载 小灵通铃声免费下载 和弦铃声免费下载
免费下载三星铃声 诺基亚免费铃声下载 联通免费铃声下载 免费铃声图片下载 MMF铃声免费下载 TCL免费铃声下载 免费下载铃声 手机铃声免费下载 松下免费铃声下载 NOKIA免费铃声下载 MIDI铃声免费下载 和弦铃声下载 TCL免费手机铃声下载 免费手机铃声图片下载 免费手机铃声下载网站 小灵通手机铃声免费下载 诺基亚手机铃声免费下载 摩托罗拉手机铃声免费下载 三星和弦铃声 CECT和弦铃声下载 三星T108和弦铃声 NOKIA和弦铃声下载 康佳和弦铃声下载 迪比特和弦铃声下载 阿尔卡特和弦铃声 CDMA和弦铃声下载 夏新和弦铃声下载 西门子和弦铃声 诺基亚和弦铃声 联通和弦铃声 三星铃声下载 三星和旋铃声 三星T108铃声下载 三星手机铃声乐园 三星CDMA铃声下载 三星免费铃声 三星真人铃声 诺基亚3100铃声下载 NOKIA手机铃声下载 怎样下载小灵通铃声 真人铃声下载 真人真唱手机铃声下载 联通用户铃声下载 联通CDMA铃声下载 TCL手机铃声图片下载 TCL手机和弦铃声下载 飞利浦630铃声下载 三星特效铃声 手机特效铃声下载 搞笑短信 MMF手机铃声 MMF格式铃声 免费短信 短信笑话 幽默短信 经典短信 谜语短信 短信祝福 爆笑短信 生日短信 爱情短信 精彩短信 情人节短信 短信传情 节日短信 彩信图片 彩信动画 彩信相册 免费彩信下载 三星彩信 联通彩信 移动彩信 彩信铃声 免费彩铃下载 移动彩铃 联通彩铃 12530彩铃 小灵通彩铃 免费三星手机铃声 免费和弦铃声 手机图铃下载 免费图铃下载 待机彩图 三星手机待机彩图 丰胸铃声
网络游戏 免费游戏下载 小游戏 在线游戏 游戏外挂 游戏论坛 游戏点卡 联众游戏 泡泡堂游戏 游戏攻略 FLASH游戏 单机游戏下载 美女 美女图片 美女写真 美女论坛 性感美女 美女走光 街头走光 走光照片 免费电影下载 免费在线电影 免费电影在线观看 小电影 免费成人电影 免费激情电影 电影论坛 PP点点通电影下载 BT电影下载 免费三级电影 爱情电影 舒淇电影 韩国电影 周星驰电影 流行音乐 免费音乐下载 音乐在线 在线音乐 古典音乐 音乐试听 MP3音乐 MP3下载 MP3播放器 MP3随身听 免费MP3歌曲下载 QQ下载 申请QQ QQ幻想外挂 QQ表情 QQ挂机 珊瑚虫QQ QQ头像 QQ游戏 QQ空间代码 QQ个性签名 网络小说 玄幻小说 成人小说 爱情小说 小说下载 金庸小说 武侠小说 聊天室 语音聊天室 列车时刻表
November 19, 2006 4:39 AM | Reply | Permalink