from a wise lawyer friend, in re warrantless searches
Dear Reed:
What confounds me in all of this is what seems like universal inattention to the part of the Necessary & Proper Clause that explicitly allows Congress to regulate how the President implements even his inherent constitutional powers. Obviously, Congress cannot adopt a form of regulation that would eliminate those powers, e.g., "The President shall write all veto messages in the blood of a Mongolian unicorn." But unless national security surveillance is unrestrained by the fourth amendment -- and, according to the Supreme Court of the United States, it is so restrained -- then Congress's power to prescribe the exclusive means for securing national security warrants is based on explicit constitutional text.
There might be an interesting question whether the President could proceed to INITIATE a warrantless search if (a) there were exigent circumstances that precluded seeking advance authority, and (b) Congress had not legislated. But, in the current context, Congress has legislated, it has provided for emergencies, and it is not legally plausible to regard a permanent war on terror as a kind of ongoing exigent circumstance that mysteriously precludes lawmaking. The President, of course, has the prerogative -- also expressed in the Constitution -- to recommend legislative changes that he thinks would further his capacity to protect national security. Indeed, that's what he's doing with regard to the Patriot Act. But, if he cannot persuade Congress of his view, he does not become the legislative branch as a result.
Best, Peter
Peter M. Shane
Distinguished Service Professor (Adjunct) of Law and Public Policy and
Chair of the Board of Advisors, Institute for the Study of Information
Technology and Society
(InSITeS)
H. J. Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management
Carnegie Mellon University













Comments (21)
Well put, Peter.
December 28, 2005 1:54 PM | Reply | Permalink
Can we now frame this and send copies to John Yoo and Cass Sunstein?
December 28, 2005 2:19 PM | Reply | Permalink
Excellent post, Peter.
A procedural question, though. Who's gonna hold him to account? The Republican Congress? Is there any realistic chance that anyone with standing will do anything about this?
December 28, 2005 2:21 PM | Reply | Permalink
To the lay person, neither of these arguments would appear to exonerate the President. In a nation of laws, approach A would suggest a need to have the Republican majority in Congress repeal or revise the 1978 legislation. Approach B would suggest a challenge to the constitutionality of the 1978 law and Congress' power to impose such checks and balances on the Executive branch.
The President's recent confession to allegations in violation of the 1978 FISA law specifically banning warrantless surveillance of first amendment activities and his assertion of extra-judicial authority to do so seem to have thrown the nation into a state of constitutional crisis.
Can anyone short of the Supreme Court resolve such a dispute between the Legislative and Executive branches?
December 28, 2005 2:44 PM | Reply | Permalink
Can't do the time?
Just don't do the crime.
Not rocket science.
It's the law.
NEY....I'm gitting the hang of this Bush slogan thing.
December 28, 2005 3:35 PM | Reply | Permalink
Good point, paDem. This Administration does not care about legality as long as it can use political means to push its agenda through into reality -- and with a Republican Congress (and, frighteningly, a more right-leaning Supreme Court), their only goal is to use raw power to have their way. I doubt if Bush has even read the Constitution, much less cares about protecting it. And I equally doubt he cares about protecting the American people -- Katrina put the lie to that notion.
December 28, 2005 4:00 PM | Reply | Permalink
He cares about his rich cronies, his family and friends, and his contributors, period.
December 28, 2005 4:10 PM | Reply | Permalink
I don't think these people will budge legally even if they want to. There could be war crimes trials some day.
December 28, 2005 4:11 PM | Reply | Permalink
... but a right wing Congress won't impeach the guy and a right wing Supreme Court will let him do what he wants regarless of what laws he breaks. If we don't get some courageous and ethical people to stand up in Congress and/or the Court we are screwed.
December 28, 2005 4:14 PM | Reply | Permalink
Bush will get away with it, and one more bad precedent in American governance will be set. What was that famous quote by Goebbels? Just tell the people they're under attack, and they'll let you do whatever you want.
December 28, 2005 5:58 PM | Reply | Permalink
Re jbrennan's post, this new war between the White House and the Fourth Circuit Court is worth watching. First, Luttig attacks the Administration, and now the Administration has hit back. When judicial conservatives find Bush way out of bounds, that may be the best bet for bringing the Administration under control. Let's hope...
December 28, 2005 6:08 PM | Reply | Permalink
http://www.rasmussenreports.com/2005/NSA.htm
Sixty-four percent (64%) of Americans believe the National Security Agency (NSA) should be allowed to intercept telephone conversations between terrorism suspects in other countries and people living in the United States. A Rasmussen Reports survey found that just 23% disagree. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of Americans say they are following the NSA story somewhat or very closely.
Eighty-one percent (81%) of Republicans believe the NSA should be allowed to listen in on conversations between terror suspects and people living in the United States. That view is shared by 51% of Democrats and 57% of those not affiliated with either major political party.
Where do you think this is going to go if a majority of DEMOCRATS is in favor of the NSA activity?
Frankly, I don't think that public opinion will turn on this unless and until it's demonstrated that Bush has pulled a Nixon and used the NSA to spy on domestic political opponents. I don't think that it makes intuitive sense to most people that you don't need a warrant to listen in if Osama calls a subordinate in Syria but you do if he calls a pal here in the US.
December 28, 2005 6:36 PM | Reply | Permalink
Did they ask how they feel if the President breaks the law when he does this in spite of the fact that FISA allows retroactivity?
December 28, 2005 7:06 PM | Reply | Permalink
A Rasmussen Poll released today shows this issue isn't getting a negative reaction from the public
I haven't been impressed with the intelligence of my fellow citizens for some time now. So, this doesn't surprise me. Nor should it. After all our president has been insisting that we are at war for some time, and doing so repeatedly. The natural inclination is to believe what a president says, and if we were at war most people would say don't handicap our troops.
This is why I get so furious when Democrats repeat the nonsense about us being at war. That is just playing into Rove, et al's hands. It would take massive courage by our Democratic Party leaders, courage comparable to Howard Dean's, and it should be clear that such courage is lacking in our leaders. After all, if they did that, they could kiss the Republican vote goodbye. And, God knows, we need to have Republicans vote for our side or we always will lose. Right? I say, right?
December 28, 2005 7:32 PM | Reply | Permalink
Rasmussen is a right wing pollster. Ignore.
December 28, 2005 7:43 PM | Reply | Permalink
This question is framed both incompletely, inaccurately, and coincidentally exactly as the WH has been framing it of late.
When this story Bush admitted he violated the statute but that he had constitutional and statutory defenses. That is not how the question was worded or the WH has subsequently tried to reframe.
We have to keep turning it back to the bedrock premise and not because it is to some partisan advantage to do so.
Rather because left unchallenged on the actual facts, Bush will contine to break this law and quite possibly other laws in the name of terrorism.
It is as simple as that and it is not a matter of political calculus but of grave constitutional consquence for democracy in this country. Concerned Americans have no option but to fight the menace regardless of poliitcal cost or benefit
Would that the Democratic leadership had stood on principle not polls when the question was war or peace.....
December 29, 2005 12:05 AM | Reply | Permalink
Eighty-one percent (81%) of Republicans believe the NSA should be allowed to listen in on conversations between terror suspects and people living in the United States. That view is shared by 51% of Democrats and 57% of those not affiliated with either major political party.
This poll falls straight in to the Administrations hands, and its important for Democrats to not fall for it. It is completely irrelevant whether spying on US citizens is a good idea or not - that's not the point. Rather - the point is that it happens to be illegal. So whether or not people think it's OK is a mute point. The administration is trying to shift focus away from legality and instead argue about whether its a good idea or not. Arguably - a good response for Democrats is to say "Yes - we think spying on US citizens, in the US, in the name of the GWOT is a great idea, and we would love to do it. Unfortunately - it happens to be illegal."
December 29, 2005 5:40 AM | Reply | Permalink
Actually, it's only illegal if they fail to get a warrant.
December 29, 2005 7:29 AM | Reply | Permalink
I firmly believe it's OK to listen in on terrorist conversations, locate them, infiltrate their cells, break them up, prosecute the terrorists.
I also firmly believe requiring warrants to ensure these searches and seizures are LEGAL and that any evidence obtained is "operable" in our courts of law.
I do not support warrantless surveillance (computerized or not) of US citizens. Not of their e-mail, voicemail, phone calls, personal habits within their home, etc.
Ask this poll question, "Is the President above the law?"
Regards,
Alex
December 29, 2005 9:10 AM | Reply | Permalink
The poll quoted above is a prime example of manipulation via frames. Take the question, "Should criminals be punished?" I suspect a vast majority would say yes. Using that question to justify vigilantiasm is very similar to using the above poll to justify unwarrented wire taps.
Let's do the poll again and reframe the question:
Instead of "Should the National Security Agency (NSA) be allowed to intercept telephone conversations between terrorism suspects in other countries and people living in the United States."
Let's ask "Should the NSA be allowed to [spy] on people living in the United States WITHOUT A WARRANT."
The (not so?) subtle distinction is significant and is a nice primer in the use of polls to influence public opinion. Ask the right questions, with the right language in the right order and you'll get the "right" answer. Send out the results in a press release, publish on the web and create conventional wisdom.
Polls - just another tool in the propaganda tool box.
December 29, 2005 11:13 AM | Reply | Permalink
Oh, dear me! Well, back in the 60's when I studied political behavior they taught that given practical examples of the Bill of Rights Americans would poll against it every time. So the more things change, the more they stay the same. Sheesh, we are barely 50 years from segregation and less than 100 from women having the vote. If you just surrender to the lowest gut reaction of public opinion, we'll return to feudal times which happens to about fit where these plutocrats would like to take us, by Divine Right of course.
December 30, 2005 8:40 AM | Reply | Permalink