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Bush's Ace in the Hole-- The Pardon Power

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Cross posted on Balkinization 

Rumors are buzzing about who will be indicted in the Plamegate scandal, and what further revelations will develop.  Some people have even speculated that the Vice-President may be indicted or named as an unindicted co-conspirator.

But just remember that the President always has the means to stop judicial proceedings of his closest political associates from going any further. He can simply pardon persons indicted for a crime, or even those who have not yet been indicted.

On December 24th, 1992, a month before he left office, President Bush's father, George H.W. Bush, pardoned former Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger and five other individuals for their conduct related to the Iran-Contra affair.  In so doing, Bush not only put an end to the criminal prosecutions arising out of the Iran-Contra affair, he also ensured that he would never be required to testify as a witness in a criminal trial after he left office.  The former President was no fool.  He knew that for many years critics refused to believe his repeated protestations that he was "out of the loop" on the machinations surrounding Iran-Contra during the Reagan Administration. Once under oath, he would be required to divulge exactly what he knew and when he knew it.

If sufficiently high level officials are indicted, his son, President George W. Bush, may also be vulnerable to be called as a witness and placed under oath.  The most obvious way to avoid that unhappy scenario is to make sure that no criminal trial ever occurs.  The pardon power takes care of that.

The President's power to pardon is effectively unreviewable.  The only real constraint is political: the President must take the political heat for his actions, as Gerald Ford did in pardoning President Richard Nixon.  Bush's father was able to pardon Weinberger et al. a month before his term expired, so he had very little to lose politically, and he wagered (correctly as it turned out) that most people would soon forget the potential self-dealing in his decision. Bill Clinton also took considerable heat for his last minute pardons of political supporters near the end of his presidency, but he too figured (also correctly) that this too, would pass.

George W. Bush, by contrast, is in the first year of his second term.  Although unlike Gerald Ford he will not stand for reelection, like Ford he must govern for several more years, and he is already in a politically weak position. That would counsel not invoking the pardon power for as long as he possibly can.

If important persons in the Bush Administration are indicted, and there is a significant danger that revelations damaging to the President will surface, don't be surprised if the President uses his ace in the hole-- the pardon power.  Some might argue that the President simply wouldn't dare; others will insist that he would be impeached if he tries it. But what the President is likely to do depends on the alternatives if he doesn't act, and remember, the Congress is controlled by members of his own party, not by the opposition as was the case during the Clinton Presidency.  This president has a knack for self-preservation; and if the pardon power is the best alternative he has, you can be sure that he will use it.

 


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War Cimes.

He will have to stay in America and be powerless to wield the broad diversified family laundered money in global business.

Civil suits, wrongful death. A pardon is essentially an admission of guilt, what civil ramifications would exist?

Depressing though it is, I think you're absolutely right about this. The best case if he does might be a Democratic majority after 2006; otherwise, I don't see him paying much of a price. I don't know, though.

If by some miracle the Democrats regain control of one house or the other and launch an investigation into the Administration and Bush has pardoned the necessary people, presumably those people could not invoke the Fifth Amendment, right? They can't be prosecuted, so they can't incriminate themselves, I would think. I don't know, I'm asking.

If, as the rumors say, Bush and Cheney were the only people given Powell's briefing revealing Plame's covert status, could Fitzgerald not indict Bush on the condition that he not pardon the others?

Just a question: Can he pardon *before* conviction?

That's a good start.  But it's worse than that.

A loyal Bushie also knows that even a conviction is not the end of the world. As long he keeps his mouth shut and falls on his sword, his time in jail will be cut short by a pardon, and he will have a job in the republican apparatus when he gets out. Moreover, if he wants to return to power, a la Elliot Abrams, that path is open as well.

Woe to he who does not fall on the sword. He will not get pardoned. He will not find work in the republican party. He will never wield power again. 

It's not good for the nation for the presidency to be a family business.  It gets to be too similar to other Family businesses. 

Doesn't matter. The guy pleas out, never testifies, never goes to court, never has to talk, other witnesses never appear.

Can he be indicted?  I don't recall: I know that the Supreme Court decided a presidency ago that a sitting president can be sued, but I don't think they can be prosecuted under criminal law.  (Or can they?) IF that's correct, there'd need to be an impeachment first, and I don't see that happening.

In the end, does it matter? I always knew this was a problem, but look, let's say the entire nation wakes up to discover that a good chunk of Bushes inner circle has been indicted. Damage done. Then let's say he pardons them - everyone will assume it's because they are guilty (except the cultists, of course). What's worse for Bush? An indicted admin, or having his admin resign? Lame duck either way.

What's better for making the case of the "Culture of Corruption"? I'd say, having Bush pardon an indicted cabinet. And you know what would be even better? If the Culture of Corruption in Congress then refuses to impeach or hold hearings to protect the indicted but pardoned admin.

We have to ask ourselves, what do we want to get out of this? Having the criminals in jail? Or getting a great campaign issue? I'd rather have them in jail, but that may not be a choice, so I'll settle for the campaign issue. 

I have pondered for some time now that one of Fitzgerald's reasons for continuing to say he hasn't made up his mind is to avoid Bush's use of the pardon. Once it's clear that indictments are coming, there is no reason to wait before issuing pardons to all the potential indictees. In so doing, the case closes and we never really know what was to come. If there are to be no indictments, Bush is better off politically to let the investigation end as such. If there are to be, the quicker he moves to pardon, the quicker we all forget....think Midterms...think 2008.

Impeachment is the other real constraint. It is unlikely with the Republican majority, even with other leaders hobbled by their own scandals. Add to that the fact that if Bush is impeached, convicted and removed from office, Cheney would rise to the presidency. That probably wouldn't go over well with the voters since Cheney would very likely be one of those pardoned...although I'm sure there is speculation somewhere that this was Cheney's plan all along. After Cheney comes Hastert I think (maybe that's one vote FOR impeachment). With the full (pardoned) team back in charge, the GOP can be managed and the Dems will be powerless

Bush's advisers will advise him to do what's best for the party in 2006 and 2008 and that will be pardons (of course, many of those advisers are the one's being pardoned). His dad's famous philosophy for dealing with economics issues was "take your pain early". Bush will take his pain now in hopes of salvaging something of the rest of his presidency. It's really his only choice.

Well let Bush try it. He's at 2% approval ratings in the African-American community already. He might as well drive his 38% or thereabouts approval rating in the country down to single digits just in time for the 2006 Congressional election. That'll help the Republicans lose control of the house.

Oh, please, please, please let Bush do that.  I'd love to see his job approval numbers drop below 20% just as the articles of impeachment are handed down.

Yes, he can pardon before conviction, and no, he cannot be indicted while in office. On the other hand, he *can* be civilly sued even as a sitting president.

Ooh... and what about this - what scandals will we focus on with Plamegate out of the way if we want to make the case for a Culture of Corruption in the midterms? The only ones left would be Senate leader Frist, acting Congressional whip Tom DeLay and Abramoff. Kinda turns the focus on Congress, doesn't it?

Pardon, please pardon, pretty please... 

Don't forget Wilson is also talking about a civil lawsuit. Look at the groundwork Ken Starr laid for Wilson here. Someone with more brains than I needs to explain the implications of Wilson and Plame and their civil lawsuit.

It is likely that a civil law suit against Bush would be postponed until he left office. With Clinton and Paula Jones, the incident had happened before he was President; therefore the case could go forward. 

One thing that has gone unmentioned thus far is if bush were to be thrown out of office after Cheney is in jail. Pelosi as President in 2007

I'll repeat what I posted to your blog when I saw your entry there.


If there's any risk that Bush himself is criminally culpable in any of this, then he won't pardon others.


Why? Sheer self-interest.


  • Bush can't pardon himself.
  • Considering Gerald Ford's example, I doubt any successor would pardon him, especially if Bush lets everyone else off the hook.
  • Therefore why would Bush put himself in a position where he'd be the only person prosecutable for these deeds?


One of the fundamental motivations I've seen of this crowd has been grabbing personal power for themselves. They will ignore professed ideologies if they can rake in the slightest bit more.


Because of that, the formerly-unified front is falling apart. Nobody's going to fall on their sword for the good of the team. Instead, they're starting to turn on one another. The situation is quickly turning into "every man for himself." Already two of Cheney's aides are openly working with the prosecutor. And as the distrust grows, more people are going to look to cut a deal.

I heard Rove and Bush were in a meeting last week.  When Karl was leaving, he tripped on the carpet and bumped into George.  He apologized, saying, "Oh, pardon me, Mr. President... if you know what I mean..."
Thanks, I'll be here all week.

If Bush pardons, it'll be an admission of guilt. Then all then evidence comes rolling out of Fitzgerald's hands. The Repubs will be unmasked to all for the crooks they are, and 2006 is a bloodbath for the right. Then they go after George, impeachment, indictment, and prison.

And a generation before anyone looks at Republicans again.

I agree, it is a possibility that Bush could do so. But, if Bush would wield a big "pardons for everyone" party, why is everyone singing?

No, once the indictments come, there is no magic bullet to save Bush.

 GoU

The preemptive pardon strategy makes good sense.  There would be the immediate bru-ha-ha after the pardons are issued, but the story wouldn't have legs and the elections are still over a year away.  The alternative would be a series of scandal stories arising out of the cases of those indicted.  And the media love trials.  Also, granting the pardons would be only on Bush's back and might allow the Bush Party candidates in 2006 to better distance themselves from  Bush.

The interesting thing would be how Bush justifies the pardons to the American people.  National security.  War on Terror.  Minor crimes in a grey area of the law.  Looked into their eyes and found good souls.  Of course, Bush is under no obligation to give any explanaion. 

There are time limits though on the pardon thing.  He has to wait a certain amount of time after the conviction / indictment to issue it.  I don't recal exactly what those time limits are but they aren't trivial.  He might have to sit there with that smug look on his face for a couple of years as a lame duck.

The idea that a pardon would shame the administration is a hoot. Heck, even jail time can't keep Republicans away from influential positions, just look at Chuck Colson and G. Gordon Liddy, who are still around, spouting off thirty years later. Ollie North works for Fox (or at least he did for a long time). Rove and Libby could do five years in solitary, but the Republicans will have no compunctions about letting them back into the inner circle once they're released. They and the rest of this corrupt administration are going to be hanging around in the 2030s, just like Nixon's crowd is still hanging around now.

One thing that has gone unmentioned thus far is if bush were to be thrown out of office after Cheney is in jail. Pelosi as President in 2007


Unmentioned perhaps because it seems rather improbable.

  1. Cheney in jail...implies he wouldn't be Vice-President which requires either resignation or impeachment.  Not to mention indictment, conviction, jail time and the lack of a presidential pardon.  But we do have precedent with Sprio Agnew, so it's possible.

  2. A sitting Congressman becoming President implies that Bush either would fail to nominate a Cheney replacement, or that his nominee couldn't get confirmation.  Nixon got his pardoner lined up before he left office, and I see no reason why Bush wouldn't do the same.

  3. Bush getting kicked out of office in 2007 implies impeachment and removal...which requires that the Democrats retake both the House and Senate next year.  Desirable, but doesn't seem too probable...although it does explain why Pelosi, rather than Hastert, would get the nod.

...as can the families of over 100,000 Iraqis.


...not to mention some folks in NOLA whose levee fund were robbed for this ongoing quagmire.

If he pardons everyone and ends the trial, then Fitz can release the court material.

There is another issue under weight here. The multiple pages of information in Fitzgerald's requests to judges spill over into other trials and even if they're pardoned other treason trials exist and a judge would probably weigh this matter much more.

Go ahead and see what happens.

Bush doesn't have to worry about a drive through Dallas scenario... his uncle's company employs the Secret Service they only lose attention span when it profits a Bush.

He has to wait a certain amount of time after the conviction / indictment to issue it.

I'm not sure that Wilson/Plame would have standing in a civil suit against Bush personally. 

 

Jones v Clinton was for a president's private actions  not offical duties.  The president enjoys immunity

I'm not familiar enough with the historical intentions for the  Presidenital pardon.. To my recolection, it seems only to be used to circumvent the rule of law and bury scandals.

Can anyone explain the merits of a presidential pardon, in principle? 

Wilson and Plame certainly would have standing, which requires only (generalization here) a personal interest in the matter.  W might have immunity, a different issue, under certain circumstances.  But if Wilson and Plame could convince the court that W acted for personal political purposes, or that W lied in what he said about Wilson and Plame, they might evade immunity issues.

Yes, all Bush needs is a suitable national emergency and then he can pardon whomever, with the claim that the country needs that person to be putting undivided attention on the national emergency.

FOREIGNID: 58936
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AUTHOR: dbs
DATE: 10/20/2005 08:53:37 PM

But the pardon power clears the way for the Wilson/Plame lawsuit power. Start the popcorn.

I'd guess that, in principle, the pardon allows the President forgive people who have committed crimes, in the event that forgiving them is important to national unity after a major crisis or division.  For example, didn't Carter pardon some Viet Nam era draft resisters?  In that case, it seemed like the President just said, pretty rightly and some time after the war at issue had ended, that we need to move on and we still all need to live together. 

 

If there's any risk that Bush himself is criminally culpable in any of this, then he won't pardon others.

I've become curious about the latest "leaks" and the letters indicating that Rove and Libby are in "serious legal jeopardy" but Fitzgerald has only begun to narrow the possible charges. This really is beginning to look like he is squeezing the weasel (tee hee).

Rove and Libbey are both punks, and we all know it. Are they willing to squeel on their respective bosses??? Or rather, will they determine their odds are better with or against their respective bosses.

Seems to me that the civil suit might not be just directed at Bush. Any number of individuals that contributed to this could be named in such a suit. The process of the lawsuit could bring out so many skeletons it would be quite interesting. Can Bush stop a civil suit against say "Scooter" Libby, who by most press accounts to date is the likely man to "fall on his sword"  or be a skape goat.

New PlameGate revelations this week confirm what most long ago concluded about President Bush. First, the President did not tell the American people the truth about his knowledge of the affair. And second, Bush, the preeminent practitioner of the Politics of Payback, was concerned not about treason and threats to American national security in his own White House, but only about political embarrassment.

For the full story, see:

"What the President Knew and When He Knew It."

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AUTHOR: dbs
DATE: 10/21/2005 12:33:46 AM

I'm with memekiller. It's not important whether Bush spends a day in jail. What matters is the health of our culture and that is best served by an accurate historical record that a future Rove can't distort. Conservatism has a legitimate role to play in public debate but its modern form is so dysfunctional and sociopathic that it really needs to be recalibrated with objective reality.

The thought of Bush as a prison bitch is very satisfying (to people like me), but I would vastly prefer a history book written in five years that shows how W savagely pushed Coolidge aside to take his rightful place as the most incompetent and corrupt president ever.

On a sidenote, I'm not familiar with a president ever granting a pardon in mid-term. And can he pardon everyone? The list keeps growing...

--Dan

That's not a principle, that's practicle usuage.

The principle would be that perhaps it's more efficient for the president to act quickly (similar to war powers) but I don't find that convincing.

I don't see any reason why pardons for draftees or criminals, or whoever should be havdled by somebosy else, like congress. 

Add to your list that "pardoned" individuals cannot take the 5th.  Thus a prosecution against him would depend heavily on loyalty to him balanced against perjury based on what the grand jury has already accumulated. dc

I think the principle of pardon is that justice is blind, and is concerned with justice not fairness - and must necessarily be that way if civil society is to function.  But human beings are not blind and are concerned with fairness, so it is best if there is some ultimate appeal that can bypass justice and reach a fair result when absolutely necessary. 

 Consider the woman who gave Hillary Clinton an eagle feather as part of a gift.  Being of Native American descent she thought that was OK, and the feather came from the ground not as a result of hunting.  But the Endangered Species Act does not exempt Native Americans in the case of eagles, and she was arrested, convicted, and given a sentence of 20 years.  Was that just?  Hard to say it was not, given the law and its intent (too bad she didn't wait until the current Administration!  ha ha).  Was that fair?  You be the judge.  Did she deserve a pardon? 

sPh 

"Can anyone explain the merits of a presidential pardon, in principle?"

Sure, the pardon power, properly used in an apolitical fashion, is the ultimate check on the criminal justice system in favor of justice and mercy.  Examples:  80 year old terminally ill convict pardoned to die with his family.  Convict pardoned after serious doubts as to guilt emerge years later.  Convict heroically risks life to save others during natural disaster. 

The Repubs will be unmasked to all for the crooks they are

 

Coals to Newcastle.

I doubt that the worry even crosses their minds. None of the litany of revelations, say, about Iraq has even embarrassed them.
 

But does a pardon prohibit the exercise of Congress's power to impeach?  Sure, he could pardon Cheney, but Cheney would still be impeachable, wouldn't he?  Impeachment isn't like an ordinary conviction; its only consequences are removal from office.

Is that right? 

If Bush does go the pardon route he will most likely wait until the end of his term, as his father and Clinton both did to avoid the political repercussions that would follow. Certainly he would not risk doing anything that controersial before the 2006 elections. Meanwhile I’m sure the administration will have plenty of delaying tactics up its sleeve to keep the scandals from simmering at anything other than a very slow boil until Bush is ready to leave office.  And if he can pack the Supreme Court with enough cronies he’ll be able to get away with claims of Executive Privilege if anyone tries to come after him personally.

I agree with Talk Left - Libby and Rove will fall on the sword to protect their respective masters.  They will plead guilty and - I assume - leave the Administration...and protect Cheney and Bush from further fallout in the process.

Somewhere in Blogistan I have recently seen an argument which suggests that the President's power of pardon is revoked if the President himself is impeached for the same indiscretions.  If that's the case then impeachment of the President in the Plame Affair could open the entire Bush Administration to civil and criminal prosecution.

I'd really like to see a constitutional expert confirm or refute that.  I also don't know if impeachment of the President would reverse the effect of pardons issued prior to his impeachment.

However, even if all of the above breaks against the President, we must also postulate the disintegration of the GOP disinformation machine, the widespread dissemination of both the import and the magnitude of the alleged crimes, and un-rigged elections in 2006.  I'll leave it to the reader to evaluate the probability of those events transipring.


"named as an unindicted co-conspirator"

Can someone please explain what exactly an unindicted co-conspirator is, and what the legal implications of being one are?

I've searched the internets far and wide and cannot find a definition or explanation anywhere.

Thanks in advance.

I very much doubt that Bush is going anywhere, regardless of what happens in November 2006. If the Democrats take control of Congress, there will be investigations and hearings and subpoenas and a lot of stuff will come out, but it would be amazing if they had the time or the stomach for impeachment. A Bush presidency that is mortally wounded politically would do nicely, however.

As to "a generation before anyone looks at Republicans again," much the same sort of talk followed the Nixon resignation and the Ford pardon. Democratic dominance lasted for one election, and six years later Ronald Reagan swept the Republicans back into the White House.

I wish it were otherwise, but otherwise is not the way to bet.

I had never heard this term until Watergate, when Leon Jaworski fingered Nixon as an "unindicted coconspirator" because, he reasoned, a sitting President could not be indicted, and it was up to the House to pursue articles of impeachment if they thought it appropriate. 

The National Archives has a decent explanation here.

The preemptive pardon strategy makes good sense.  There would be the immediate bru-ha-ha after the pardons are issued, but the story wouldn't have legs ...

Really? You think the press will roll over once again? The recent gaggles at the White House suggest that the worm may have indeed turned. Scott McClellan would really like the warm and fuzzy treatment he used to receive, but I'd believe that the press corps realizes just how long they've been played, and that they've tired of that game. If talking in terms of marriage, they honeymoon (between BushCo and the Media) is over, the marriage is on the rocks, and there's a petition about to be filed ...

Aha! Blanket pardons for everybody for everything?! Clear the dockets, and empty the jails!

* No more lawsuits over jail overcrowding
* No more backed-up dockets in Criminal Courts
* Reduced staffing needs in prosecutors and public defenders offices
* No more expenses from prisoners' appeals

Why hasn't the GOP already thought of this most obvious way of reducing the cost of government?

(/snark)

That's one potentially looong stretch in the hoosegow for two guys who really aren't likely to be used to the notion of not being able to come and go as they please. It's been suggested that, under federal sentencing guidelines, the indicted could face a life sentence in Fitz's case.

If they're pardoned, they could face subpoenas with no 5th amendment protection, and under threat of perjury or obstruction should they not cooperate. If they don't believe they would be pardoned, the potential for a huge sentence could very well cause them to cop a plea.

A couple of unpleasant thoughts.


If Bush issues pardons,


and if the next phase is a civil suit by the Wilsons,


then there is going to be a shitstorm that will make the McCain, Clarke, and Kerry smears look like a day at the park.  Every day that the story is in the news, there will be people on the cable news shows screaming about Wilson.  The story will then get muddled, as the "balanced story" of a corrupt and unaccountable administration and a [pick your smear] former ambassador is told.  The story will be as much, or more, about Wilson than it is about Bush, the Executive office, balance of power, etc., etc.


Something to look forward to!  And by "look forward to," I mean, something to "bang your head on the desk about."

I believe that pardons are mostly a balance of powers issue- they are a check by the executive branch on the power of the judiciary. On the other hand, Congress has the power of impeachment to check both the judiciary and executive branches of government. I think it is way too early to tell how all this is going to play out- there are so many ways this thing could go down. If there are lots of indictments, early pardons might be the most effective way for Bush to escape. On the other hand, a pardon by Bush of Rove or Cheny might leave Bush vulnerable to his biggest fear- being called a wimp. As in he's too wimpy to be president without them.

But mostly, I hope if there are indictments that they aren't stupid enough to try to tear the country apart over it. Yea, I know, but if even Nixon had the sense enough to know when he was beat.,maybe there is some hope.

Consider the woman who gave Hillary Clinton an eagle feather as part of a gift.  Was that fair?  You be the judge.  Did she deserve a pardon?

I'm not familiar with the situation but regardless, that's an example of either incredibly poor law making or some incredibly stupid people. Or both. Regardless, no there shouldn't be a pardon imo. If laws are that poorly construed, they should be changed.

I dislike the notion of pardons though. I don't fault people who use the power as the system does seem to depend on it, but I dislike that the system relies upon it.

The vast majority of pardon I can remember are abuses of power, or fluff.

The fluff is well, fluff. There are tens of thousands of people serving unjust sentences, saving one is statistically insignificant.

In political scandals, such as Iran Contra or Watergate, the few who are pardons have a dramatic impact on the history of the country.

Bush won't pardon, here's why;

1 > People are becoming increasingly disgusted with the Bush administration and with their represenatives for approving bad decisions with little or no debate. People are realizing republicans have been rubber stamping Bush's policy decisions that ultimately have a deleterious and detrimental effect on, not just our lives, but the lives of our children. People are getting offended by republicans tacit approval of Bush's agenda which is weakening, not strengthening our Nation.

Elliot Abrams, Clair George, Robert McFarlane, Duane Clarridge, and Caspar Weinberger were not charged with offenses associated with treason. Their acts are certainly criminal, but they were not thought of as traitors and their activities were not acts of treachery against the US.

There's a difference. Rove and others stand to be accused of offenses relating to treason, revealing national secrets as well as perjury and obstruction.  

 2 > The Watergate grand jury wanted to indict President Nixon for obstruction of justice. When advised that a sitting president could not be prosecuted, the grand jury named him as an unindicted coconspirator.

Can a President, named as an unindicted co-conspirator, be able to pardon anybody?

3 > It's paramont the Bush Family be the greatest political family in American history. Greater than the Roosevelts, Greater than the Kennedys.  The Bush family want to be a republican family dynasty, immortalized in American History.  That is going to be the Bush Legacy. 

GW is already going to be remembered as the worst President, the Bush family can't afford to have the taint of traitor on them too. The Bush family has a vested interest in making sure GW does not get tainted as well.  Brothers Jeb and Marvin have aspirations for high public offices.  They won't be able to run for office if the Bush family name is scourned by the people.

4 > Karl Rove does not trump Family. Rove is still the guy sent to pick up George at the train station.  He was dispatched to help get GW elected.  GW has guardians watching over him. They will protect and save GW, even from himself. They are on the fringes, out of the spotlight and have a huge influence on GW's decisions without anybody outside of the family circle knowing about it.  Not even Rove.

Barbara Bush, Laura Bush, Karen Hughes. Andrew Card is their point man.  Karl Rove is GW's senior advisor. If he's indicted, Rove will be blamed for poorly advising GW. . . Rove will be scapegoated to save GW.  

Already we are beginning to hear of a split in the White House.   

 5 > Pa Bush cut 77 pardons, Many of them were Reaganite villans, butt deep involved in the Iran Contra scandal.  None of the Reaganites faced treason related charges and remained loyal to Presidents Reagan and HW Bush. Still, HW (Pa) Bush wasn't re-elected.

Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon. Ford was not elected.

Pardoning criminal behavior is not acceptable.

There are constitutional protections for any sitting president and his/her staff.  While a pardon does not mean that a person cannot  be indicted later, it does mean that prosecutors will wait until they have the chance - after the term is over.

For most of the conceivable crimes committed during this administration, the statue of limitations will not expire before prosecutors have a change to file charges, or a grand jury convened to issue indictments.

Bottom line: if there were provable breaches of law, scoundrels can be taken to task if Justice does its job correctly.

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Hey, the "paid activist" was posting on TPM, at least before he pussied out and deleted his account.

An advisory for anyone reading this: Anytime you see a "gounion" entity posting on a blog or message board, be advised he is a paid activist posting on "company time."

Chip

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